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Adhyāya 3 of 8 · 631 sūtras

तृतीयः अध्यायः Affixes after roots

Affixes after roots · Opens the long affix section (3.1.1 pratyayaḥ, 3.1.2 paraś ca, running to the end of 5.4). Adhyāya 3 covers affixes added after a dhātu: sanādi affixes that make new roots, the vikaraṇas, kṛt affixes (which make nouns and participles from verbs), and the lakāras that express tense and mood, replaced by tiṅ endings.

Headings: 3.1.1 प्रत्ययः → 5.4.160; 3.1.2 परश्च → 5.4.160; 3.1.91 धातोः → 3.4.117

  1. 3.1 sanādi, vikaraṇas, kṛtya, agent nouns
  2. 3.2 kṛt with upapadas; past and present
  3. 3.3 uṇādi, future, action nouns, moods
  4. 3.4 Gerunds; lakāra → tiṅ endings
See adhyāya 3 on the structure map →

Pāda 3.1 sanādi, vikaraṇas, kṛtya, agent nouns

Opens the affix headings (3.1.1–3). Affixes that make new roots: desiderative san (3.1.7), intensive yaṅ (3.1.22), causative ṇic (3.1.26); 3.1.32 calls the results dhātus. Then vikaraṇas (sya/tās 3.1.33, cli 3.1.43, śap 3.1.68, u 3.1.79 …). From 3.1.91 dhātoḥ: kṛtya affixes (3.1.95) and agent affixes ṇvul/tṛc (3.1.133). map →

  1. 3.1.1 प्रत्ययः Everything told in this अधिकार are known as प्रत्ययाः. saṃjñāadhikāra
  2. 3.1.2 परश्च All the words told in this अधिकार are to be attached at the end of the प्रकृति. adhikāra
  3. 3.1.3 आद्युदात्तश्च The first स्वर of all the प्रत्ययाः mentioned in this अधिकार becomes उदात्त. adhikāra
  4. 3.1.4 अनुदात्तौ सुप्पितौ The first letter of the सुप् and the पित् प्रत्ययाः is अनुदात्त.
  5. 3.1.5 गुप्तिज्किद्भ्यः सन् After the verbs गुप् , तिज् and कित् comes the affix सन्.
  6. 3.1.6 मान्बधदान्शान्भ्यो दीर्घश्चाभ्यासस्य The affix सन् comes after the verbs मान 'to honour', बध् 'to bind', दान् 'to cut', and शान् 'to whet', and long ई is the substitute of इ -- सन्यतः (7.4.79) of the re-duplicate -- पूर्वोऽभ्यासः (6.1.4) syllable.
  7. 3.1.7 धातोः कर्मणः समानकर्तृकादिच्छायां वा The affix is optionally attached, in the sense of 'wishing' after a root expressing the object wished and having the same agent of the action as the wisher thereof.
  8. 3.1.8 सुप आत्मनः क्यच् The affix क्यच् is optionally employed, in the sense of wishing after a word ending in a case-affix expressing the object wished as connected with the wisher itself.
  9. 3.1.9 काम्यच्च And the affix काम्यच् is also used in the sense of 'wishing' after a word ending in a case-affix, expressing the object wished as connected with the wisher's self.
  10. 3.1.10 उपमानादाचारे The affix क्यच् is optionally employed, in the sense of treatment after a word ending in a case-affix denoting the object of comparison.
  11. 3.1.11 कर्तुः क्यङ् सलोपश्च The affix क्यङ् is optionally used in the sense of 'behaving' after a word ending in a case-affix denoting the object of comparison of the agent and there is लोप (elision) of the final स of the noun if it ends in a स.
  12. 3.1.12 भृशादिभ्यो भुव्यच्वेर्लोपश्च हलः The affix क्यङ् in the sense of becoming what the thing previously was not, is used after the crude forms भृश् etc. which do not end with the affix च्वि -- अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः (5.4.50), and there is लोप (elision) of the final consonant of these words, if they end in a consonant.
  13. 3.1.13 लोहितादिडाज्भ्यः क्यष् The affix क्यष् in the sense of becoming what the thing previously was not, is used after the words लोहित etc. and after those that end with the affix डाच् -- अव्यक्तानुकरणाद्द्व्यजवरार्धादनितौ डाच् (5.4.57), when these words do not take the affix च्वि -- अव्यक्तानुकरणाद्द्व्यजवरार्धादनितौ डाच् (5.4.57).
  14. 3.1.14 कष्टाय क्रमणे The affix क्यङ् in the sense of exerting in the dishonesty, is employed after the word कष्ट 'mischief' when the latter has the 4th case-affix in construction.
  15. 3.1.15 कर्मणो रोमन्थतपोभ्यां वर्तिचरोः The affix क्यङ् is used after the words रोमन्य 'ruminating' and तपस 'austerity', when they are used as the objects of the action of repeating and performing respectively.
  16. 3.1.16 बाष्पोष्मभ्यामुद्वमने The affix क्यङ् is used in the sense of ejecting after the words वाष्प 'vapour' and ऊष्म 'heat' as the object of the action.
  17. 3.1.17 शब्दवैरकलहाभ्रकण्वमेघेभ्यः करणे The affix क्यङ् , in the sense of 'making', comes after these words, as the object of the action, viz. शब्द 'sound', वैर 'hostility', कलह 'strife', अभ्र 'cloud', कण्व 'sin' and मेध 'cloud'.
  18. 3.1.18 सुखादिभ्यः कर्तृवेदनायाम् The affix क्यङ् in the sense of 'feeling', comes after the words सुख 'pleasure' etc. when the pleasure etc. belong to the agent as feels thereof.
  19. 3.1.19 नमोवरिवश्चित्रङः क्यच् The affix in the sense of 'making', comes after these words, as the object of the action, viz. नमस् 'adoration', वरिवस् 'honour', चित्र 'wonder'.
  20. 3.1.20 पुच्छभाण्डचीवराण्णिङ् The affix णिङ् , in the sense of making, comes after these words as the object of the action, viz. पुच्छ 'tail', भाण्ड 'pot' and चीवर 'rag'.
  21. 3.1.21 मुण्डमिश्रश्लक्ष्णलवणव्रतवस्त्रहलकलकृततूस्तेभ्यो णिच् The affix णिच् , in the sense of 'making' comes after these words as the object of action viz. मुण्ड 'shaving', मिश्र 'mixture', श्लक्ष्ण 'soft', लवण 'salt', व्रत 'vow', वस्त्र 'dress', हल 'plough', कल 'strife', कृत 'done' and तूस्त 'matter hair'.
  22. 3.1.22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् The affix वङ् , in the sense of repetition of the act, comes after a root, having a single vowel and beginning with a consonant. adhikāra
  23. 3.1.23 नित्यं कौटिल्ये गतौ The affix वङ् invariably comes in the sense of 'crookedness' after a simple verb expressing motion.
  24. 3.1.24 लुपसदचरजपजभदहदशगॄभ्यो भावगर्हायाम् The affix वङ् when it is intended to convey the sense of contempt (गर्हा) in respect of the sense of the root (भाव) comes always after the following roots - लुप् 'to cut off', सद् 'to sit', चर् 'to walk', जप् 'to mutter silently any sacred formula', जभ 'to gape or yawn', दह् 'to burn', दश् 'to bite' and गृ 'to swallow'.
  25. 3.1.25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् The affix णिच् is used after these words - सत्य 'truth' (which then takes the form of सत्याप as exhibited in the sūtra), पाश 'a fetter', रूप 'form', वीणा 'a lute', तूल 'cotton', श्लोक 'celebration', सेना 'army', लोम 'the hair of the body', त्वच 'skin', वर्म 'mail', वर्ण 'celebration', चूर्ण 'powder' and the verb of the चुरादि class.
  26. 3.1.26 हेतुमति च The affix णिच् is used after a root, when the operation of a causer is to be expressed.
  27. 3.1.27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक् The affix यक् is used after the roots कण्डु 'to itch' etc.
  28. 3.1.28 गुपूधूपविच्छिपणिपनिभ्य आयः The affix आय comes after गुपू 'to protect', धूप 'to heat', विच्छ 'to approach', पण 'to contract or praise' and पन 'to praise'.
  29. 3.1.29 ऋतेरीयङ् The affix ईयङ् comes after the sūtra root ऋति 'to reproach'.
  30. 3.1.30 कमेर्णिङ् The affix णिङ् comes after the root कम 'to desire'.
  31. 3.1.31 आयादय आर्धधातुके वा The affixes आय and those that follow it i.e. आय , ईयङ् and णिङ् are optionally added, when it is desired to express one's self with an आर्धधातुक affix.
  32. 3.1.32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः The words ending in a सनादि प्रत्यय are called 'धातु'. saṃjñā
  33. 3.1.33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः In case of लृट् लकार and लृङ्लकार, the अङ्ग gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'स्य'. In case of लुट्लकार, the अङ्ग gets the विकरणप्रत्यय तास्.
  34. 3.1.34 सिब्बहुलं लेटि सिप् is diversely the affix of a verbal root when लेट् follows.
  35. 3.1.35 कास्प्रत्ययादाममन्त्रे लिटि आम् is the affix of the verb कास् 'to cough' and of those roots that are formed by affixes i.e. the derivative verbs, when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows, in the मन्त्र.
  36. 3.1.36 इजादेश्च गुरुमतोऽनृच्छः A verb which can be called as 'इजादिः गुरुमान्' gets an आम् प्रत्यय when followed by लिट्-लकार. However, this प्रत्यय is not seen for the verb root ऋच्छ्.
  37. 3.1.37 दयायासश्च After the words दय 'to give', 'to go' and 'to protect', अय 'to go' and आस 'to sit', there is the affix आम् when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows.
  38. 3.1.38 उषविदजागृभ्योऽन्यतरस्याम् The affix आम् is optionally used after these - उष् 'to burn', विद् 'to know' and जागृ 'to wake', when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows.
  39. 3.1.39 भीह्रीभृहुवां श्लुवच्च आम् is optionally affixed when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows after these verbs - भी 'to fear', ह्री 'to be ashamed', भृ 'to nourish', हु 'to sacrifice' and when आम् is affixed, the effect is as if there were श्लु elision and the roots belonged to ह्वादि class.
  40. 3.1.40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि The लिट्-लकार forms of verb roots कृ, भू, and अस् are applied after the आम्-प्रत्यय.
  41. 3.1.41 विदाङ्कुर्वन्त्वित्यन्यतरस्याम् The form विदाङ्कुर्वन्तु is optionally employed as an irregular form.
  42. 3.1.42 अभ्युत्सादयांप्रजनयांचिकयांरमयामकः पावयांक्रियाद्विदामक्रन्निति च्छन्दसि The forms अभ्युत्सादयामकः प्रजनयामकः चिकयामकः रमयामकः पावयांक्रियाद् विदामक्रन् are irregularly formed in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  43. 3.1.43 च्लि लुङि In case of लुङ्लकार, धातु gets the च्लि विकरणप्रत्यय.
  44. 3.1.44 च्लेः सिच् The च्लि विकरण is converted to सिच्.
  45. 3.1.45 शल इगुपधादनिटः क्सः The च्लि प्रत्यय that follows a शल्-वर्णान्त, इगुपध and अनिट्-धातु is converted to 'क्स.
  46. 3.1.46 श्लिष आलिङ्गने When used with the meaning of 'giving a hug', The च्लि-प्रत्यय that follows the verb root श्लिष् is converted to क्स.
  47. 3.1.47 न दृशः For the verb root दृश्, च्लि is not converted to क्स.
  48. 3.1.48 णिश्रिद्रुस्रुभ्यः कर्तरि चङ् For the verbs ending in णि-प्रत्यय, and for the verbs श्रि, द्रु and स्रु, the च्लि-प्रत्यय is converted to चङ् in the कर्तरि context.
  49. 3.1.49 विभाषा धेट्श्व्योः For the verbs धेट् and श्वि , the च्लि प्रत्यय is optionally converted to चङ्.
  50. 3.1.50 गुपेश्छन्दसि After the verb गुप् 'to protect', चङ् is optionally the substitute of च्लि in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  51. 3.1.51 नोनयतिध्वनयत्येलयत्यर्दयतिभ्यः After the causatives of the verbs ऊन 'to decrease', ध्वन 'to sound', इल् 'to send' and अर्द 'to go or to beg' चङ् is not the substitute of च्लि in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  52. 3.1.52 अस्यतिवक्तिख्यातिभ्योऽङ् For the verbs असुँ (क्षेपणे), वच्, and ख्या, the च्लि-प्रत्यय is converted to अङ्.
  53. 3.1.53 लिपिसिचिह्वश्च For the verb roots लिप् , सिच् and ह्वे , the च्लि-प्रत्यय is converted to अङ्.
  54. 3.1.54 आत्मनेपदेष्वन्यतरस्याम् For the verb roots लिप् , सिच् and ह्वे , the च्लि-प्रत्यय is optionally converted to अङ् when followed by a प्रत्यय of आत्मनेपद.
  55. 3.1.55 पुषादिद्युताद्यॢदितः परस्मैपदेषु For the verbs of पुषादिगण and द्युतादिगण, as well as for the ऌदित verbs, च्लि is converted to अङ् when followed by a प्रत्यय of परस्मैपद.
  56. 3.1.56 सर्त्तिशास्त्यर्तिभ्यश्च For the verbs सृ, शास् and ऋ, the च्लि-प्रत्यय is converted to अङ्.
  57. 3.1.57 इरितो वा For the इरित्-verbs, the च्लि प्रत्यय is optionally converted to अङ्.
  58. 3.1.58 जॄस्तम्भुम्रुचुम्लुचुग्रुचुग्लुचुग्लुञ्चुश्विभ्यश्च For the verbs जॄ, स्तन्भ्, म्रुच्, म्लुच्, ग्रुच्, ग्लुच्, ग्लुञ्च्, टुओश्वि - the च्लि-प्रत्यय is optionally converted to अङ्.
  59. 3.1.59 कृमृदृरुहिभ्यश्छन्दसि After the words कृ 'to do', मृ 'to die', दॄ (9P) 'to tear' and रुह 'to rise', अङ् is the substitute of च्लि when used in छन्दस् (Vedas).
  60. 3.1.60 चिण् ते पदः चिण् is the substitute of च्लि after the verb पद् 'to go' when the affix त follows.
  61. 3.1.61 दीपजनबुधपूरितायिप्यायिभ्योऽन्यतरस्याम् चिण् is optionally the substitute of च्लि , when त - 3rd Person Singular of आत्मनेपद follows after the verbs दीप् 'to shine', जन् 'to be produced', बुध् 'to teach or know', पूर् 'to be full', ताय् 'to extend or protect' and प्याय 'to smell'.
  62. 3.1.62 अचः कर्मकर्तरि चिण् is optionally the substitute of च्लि , when त - 3rd Person Singular of आत्मनेपद follows after a root which ends with a vowel and when the object itself is spoken of as the agent.
  63. 3.1.63 दुहश्च चिण् is optionally the substitute of च्लि after the verb दुह् 'to milk', when it is used reflexively and when त follows.
  64. 3.1.64 न रुधः चिण् is not the substitute of च्लि after the verb रुध् 'to obstruct' when used in the reflexive sense in the 3rd Person Singular of आत्मनेपद .
  65. 3.1.65 तपोऽनुतापे च चिण् is not the substitute of च्लि after the verb तप् 'to suffer' when used reflexively and when the sense of experiencing remorse.
  66. 3.1.66 चिण् भावकर्मणोः चिण् is the substitute of च्लि when त -3rd Person Singular आत्मनेपद follows, denoting the action (भाव) or the object कर्म्म.
  67. 3.1.67 सार्वधातुके यक् In the कर्मणि and the प्रयोगे भावे प्रयोग, धातु gets 'यक्' प्रत्यय when followed by a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय.
  68. 3.1.68 कर्तरि शप् A verb gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'शप्' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  69. 3.1.69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन् A verb belonging to the दिवादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'श्यन्' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  70. 3.1.70 वा भ्राशभ्लाशभ्रमुक्रमुक्लमुत्रसित्रुटिलषः In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verbs भ्राश् , भ्लाश्, भ्रम्, क्रम्, क्लम्, त्रस्, त्रुट्, लष् get the श्यन् विकरण optionally.
  71. 3.1.71 यसोऽनुपसर्गात् In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verb यस् when used without an उपसर्ग gets the श्यन् विकरण optionally.
  72. 3.1.72 संयसश्च In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verb यस् when used with the उपसर्ग 'सम्' gets the श्यन् विकरण optionally.
  73. 3.1.73 स्वादिभ्यः श्नुः A verb belonging to the स्वादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'श्नु' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  74. 3.1.74 श्रुवः शृ च In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verb श्रु is converted to शृ and it gets the श्नु विकरणप्रत्यय.
  75. 3.1.75 अक्षोऽन्यतरस्याम् In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verb अक्ष् gets the श्नु विकरण optionally.
  76. 3.1.76 तनूकरणे तक्षः In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verb तक्ष् with the meaning 'to peel off / to scrape off' gets the श्नु विकरण optionally.
  77. 3.1.77 तुदादिभ्यः शः A verb belonging to the तुदादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'श' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  78. 3.1.78 रुधादिभ्यः श्नम् A verb belonging to the रुधादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'श्नम्' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  79. 3.1.79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः A verb belonging to the तनादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'उ' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  80. 3.1.80 धिन्विकृण्व्योर च In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verbs धिन्व्, कृण्व् gets the 'उ' विकरणप्रत्यय.
  81. 3.1.81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना A verb belonging to the क्र्यादिगण gets the विकरणप्रत्यय 'श्ना' in presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in कर्तरि प्रयोग.
  82. 3.1.82 स्तन्भुस्तुन्भुस्कन्भुस्कुन्भुस्कुञ्भ्यः श्नुश्च In presence of a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय in the कर्तरि प्रयोग, the verbs स्तम्भ्, स्तुम्भ्, स्कम्भ्, स्कुम्भ्, स्कुञ् gets the श्ना or the श्नु विकरणप्रत्यय.
  83. 3.1.83 हलः श्नः शानज्झौ The श्ना प्रत्यय following a हल् letter is converted to शानच् when followed by the 'हि' प्रत्यय.
  84. 3.1.84 छन्दसि शायजपि The श्ना प्रत्यय following a हल् letter is seen converted either to शायच् or शानच् when followed by the 'हि' प्रत्यय.
  85. 3.1.85 व्यत्ययो बहुलम् In the context of वेदाः - Some kind of irregularity might be seen with reference to application of विकरणप्रत्ययाः
  86. 3.1.86 लिङ्याशिष्यङ् In the context of वेदाः - The सार्वधातुक forms of आशीर्लिङ्गलकार can also use अङ् as गणविकरणप्रत्यय.
  87. 3.1.87 कर्मवत् कर्मणा तुल्यक्रियः The ल denoting the agent, when the action affecting the agent is similar to the action which affects the object, is treated as if it were a ल denoting the object. atideśa
  88. 3.1.88 तपस्तपःकर्मकस्यैव The agent of the verb तप् 'to heat', becomes similar to the object, only when the object is the word तपस् itself.
  89. 3.1.89 न दुहस्नुनमां यक्चिणौ The affix यक् -- सार्वधातुके यक् (3.1.67),and चिण् -- अचः कर्मकर्तरि (3.1.62) are not used in the reflexive voice of the verbs दुह् 'to milk', स्नु 'to fall in drops' and नम् 'to bow.
  90. 3.1.90 कुषिरजोः प्राचां श्यन् परस्मैपदं च The affix श्यन् comes after the roots कुष् 'to pull' and रञ्ज 'to colour' in the reflexive voice, according to the opinion of Eastern Grammarians and these verbs take the affixes of परस्मैपद .
  91. 3.1.91 धातोः As far as the end of the Third Chapter reckoning from the present sūtra, the affixes treated of are to be understood as coming after some verbal root. (Note: This is an अधिकार सूत्र। All these verbal affixes are broadly classified as कृत् and कृत्य affixes) adhikāra
  92. 3.1.92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् The words referenced by the सप्तमीस्थ words of the sutras in this धात्वधिकार get the term 'उपपद'. saṃjñāparibhāṣā
  93. 3.1.93 कृदतिङ् In this portion of the sūtras in which there is a reference to verbal roots, any affix except तिङ् - tense affixes, is called कृत् . saṃjñā
  94. 3.1.94 वाऽसरूपोऽस्त्रियाम् In this portion of the sūtras, in which there is reference to verbal roots, an affix which is calculated to debar a general one, not being of the same form, optionally debars it; but not so in the case of feminine affixes -- स्त्रियां क्तिन् (3.3.94). paribhāṣā
  95. 3.1.95 कृत्याः From this sūtra up to ण्वुल्तृचौ (3.1.133) all the affixes treated will get the name कृत्य. saṃjñā
  96. 3.1.96 तव्यत्तव्यानीयरः The affixes तव्यत् , तव्य and अनीयर् come after the verbal roots.
  97. 3.1.97 अचो यत् The affix यत् comes after a root that ends in a vowel. adhikāra
  98. 3.1.98 पोरदुपधात् The affix यत् comes after a root which ends in a labial letter preceded by a short अ.
  99. 3.1.99 शकिसहोश्च The affix यत् comes after roots शकॢ 'to be able' and सह 'to bear'.
  100. 3.1.100 गदमदचरयमश्चानुपसर्गे The affix यत् comes after roots गद् 'to eat', मद् 'to be mad', चर् 'to go, to eat' and यम् 'to restrain', when these roots do not take any preposition.
  101. 3.1.101 अवद्यपण्यवर्या गर्ह्यपणितव्यानिरोधेषु The words अवद्य , पण्य , वर्या are irregularly formed, having the sense of 'condemnable', saleable' and unobstructable', respectively.
  102. 3.1.102 वह्यं करणम् The word वह्यं is irregularly formed when the meaning of the word is an instrument of carrying.
  103. 3.1.103 अर्यः स्वामिवैश्ययोः The word अर्य is irregularly formed when meaning 'lord' and a वैश्य.
  104. 3.1.104 उपसर्या काल्या प्रजने The word उपसर्या is irregularly formed when meaning what has reached the time favourable to conception or ripe for fruition.
  105. 3.1.105 अजर्यं संगतम् The word अजर्यंम् 'imperishable' is irregularly formed when qualifying the word संगतम् 'friendship' expressed or understood.
  106. 3.1.106 वदः सुपि क्यप् च After the root वद् 'to speak', governing a case-inflected word as its उपपद and not having a preposition annexed to it, there comes the affix क्यप् also.
  107. 3.1.107 भुवो भावे After the root भू 'to be', in construction with a case-inflected word as its उपपद and when used without a preposition, the affix क्यप् is used to denote condition - भाव.
  108. 3.1.108 हनस्त च After the root हनु 'to kill' when in construction with a case-inflected word as its उपपद and when used without a preposition comes the affix क्यप् in denoting condition and the letter त is the substitute of its final.
  109. 3.1.109 एतिस्तुशास्वृदृजुषः क्यप् After the verbs इ 'to go', स्तु 'to praise', शास् 'to govern', वृ 'to respect' and जुष् 'to please' comes the affix क्यप्.
  110. 3.1.110 ऋदुपधाच्चाकॢपिचृतेः After the verbs having the penultimate short ऋ , the affix क्यप् is used, with the exception of the verbs कॢप् 'to be able' and वृत् 'to hurt'.
  111. 3.1.111 ई च खनः The affix क्यप् is used after the root खन 'to dig' and long ई is substituted for the final of the root.
  112. 3.1.112 भृञोऽसंज्ञायाम् The affix क्यप् is used after the root भृञ् 'to bear' when not used as a name.
  113. 3.1.113 मृजेर्विभाषा The affix क्यप् is optionally used after the verb सृज् 'to cleanse'.
  114. 3.1.114 राजसूयसूर्यमृषोद्यरुच्यकुप्यकृष्टपच्याव्यथ्याः The words राजसूय , सूर्य , मृषोद्य , रुच्य , कुप्य , कृष्ट , पच्य and अव्यथ्य irregularly formed by the addition of the affix क्यप्.
  115. 3.1.115 भिद्योद्ध्यौ नदे The words भिद्य and उद्ध्यौ are irregularly formed by the affix क्यप् , when meaning 'river'.
  116. 3.1.116 पुष्यसिद्ध्यौ नक्षत्रे The words पुष्य and सिद्ध्य् are irregularly formed by the affix क्यप् , when used as names of asterisms.
  117. 3.1.117 विपूयविनीयजित्या मुञ्जकल्कहलिषु When the words विपूय , विनीय and जित्या are irregularly formed they mean 'the मुञ्ज grass', 'the sediment' and 'the plough', respectively.
  118. 3.1.118 प्रत्यपिभ्यां ग्रहेश्छन्दसि The word ग्रह 'to seize', preceded by the prepositions प्रति and अपि , takes the affix क्यप् in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  119. 3.1.119 पदास्वैरिबाह्यापक्ष्येषु च The root ग्रह 'to seize' takes the affix क्यप् when it means a 'word', a 'dependent', 'outside' or a 'partisan'.
  120. 3.1.120 विभाषा कृवृषोः After the verbs कृञ् 'to do' and वृष् 'to rain', the affix क्यप् is optionally used.
  121. 3.1.121 युग्यं च पत्रे The word युग्यम् is irregularly formed meaning 'a vehicle'.
  122. 3.1.122 अमावस्यदन्यतरस्याम् Optionally the word अमावस्या is irregular.
  123. 3.1.123 छन्दसि निष्टर्क्यदेवहूयप्रणीयोन्नीयोच्छिष्यमर्यस्तर्याध्वर्यखन्यखान्यदेवयज्यापृच्छ्यप्रतिषीव्यब्रह्मवाद्यभाव्यस्ताव्योपचाय्यपृडानि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the following words are found, which are formed irregularly - निष्टर्क्य , देवहूय , प्रणीय , उन्नीय , उच्छिष्य , मर्य , स्तर्या , ध्वर्य , खन्य , खान्य , देवयज्या , आपृच्छ्य , प्रतिषीव्य , ब्रह्मवाद्य , भाव्य , स्ताव्य , and पचाय्यपृड.
  124. 3.1.124 ऋहलोर्ण्यत् The affix ण्यत् comes after a verb that ends in ऋ (long or short) or in a consonant.
  125. 3.1.125 ओरावश्यके The affix ण्यत् comes after a verb that ends in the letter उ - long or short, when the sense is that of 'necessity'.
  126. 3.1.126 आसुयुवपिरपिलपित्रपिचमश्च The affix ण्यत् comes after the verbs आसु 'to distill', यु 'to join', वप 'to sow', रप् 'to speak distinctly', लप् 'to prate', अप् 'to be ashamed' and चम 'to drink'.
  127. 3.1.127 आनाय्योऽनित्ये The word आनाय्यः is irregularly formed when meaning 'impermanent'.
  128. 3.1.128 प्रणाय्योऽसंमतौ The word प्रणाय्य is irregularly formed when meaning 'disapproved'.
  129. 3.1.129 पाय्यसान्नाय्यनिकाय्यधाय्या मानहविर्निवाससामिधेनीषु The words पाय्य , सान्नाय्य , निकाय्य and धाय्या are irregularly formed meaning 'a measure', 'an oblation to fire', 'a dwelling' and 'a sacrificial prayer', respectively.
  130. 3.1.130 क्रतौ कुण्डपाय्यसंचाय्यौ The words कुण्डपाय्यः and संचाय्यः are irregularly formed meaning 'a sacrifice'.
  131. 3.1.131 अग्नौ परिचाय्योपचाय्यसमूह्याः The words परिचाय्यः , पचाय्य and समूह्याः are irregularly formed when they are names of fire.
  132. 3.1.132 चित्याग्निचित्ये च The words चित्य and ग्निचित्य are also irregularly formed.
  133. 3.1.133 ण्वुल्तृचौ The affixes ण्वुल् (अक्) and तृच् (तृ) are placed after all verbal roots, expressing the agent.
  134. 3.1.134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः After the verbs classed as नन्द 'to be happy', ग्रह 'to take' and पच् 'to cook' there are the affixes ल्यु (अन), णिनि (इन्) and अच (अ) respectively.
  135. 3.1.135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः After a verb ending in a consonant but preceded by इ , उ or ऋ -long or short, and after the verbs ज्ञा 'to know', श्री 'to please' and कॄ 'to scatter', comes the affix क (अ).
  136. 3.1.136 आतश्चोपसर्गे Also after a verb ending in long आ when there is a preposition along with it, the affix क is placed.
  137. 3.1.137 पाघ्राध्माधेट्दृशः शः The affix श (अ) is used after the roots पा 'to drink', घ्रा 'to smell', ध्मा 'to blow' and धेट् 'to suck' and दृश् 'to see' when there is a preposition along with these roots.
  138. 3.1.138 अनुपसर्गाल्लिम्पविन्दधारिपारिवेद्युदेजिचेतिसातिसाहिभ्यश्च The affix श is used after the verbs - धारि , पारि , वेदि , उदेजि , चेति , साति and साहि , when used without a preposition.
  139. 3.1.139 ददातिदधात्योर्विभाषा The affix श is optionally used after the root दा 'to give' and धा 'to hold', when used without a preposition.
  140. 3.1.140 ज्वलितिकसन्तेभ्यो णः After the verbs beginning with ज्वल 'to shine' and ending with कस 'to go', when used without a preposition, the affix ण is optionally used.
  141. 3.1.141 श्याद्व्यधास्रुसंस्र्वतीणवसाऽवहृलिहश्लिषश्वसश्च The affix ण is also used after the verbs - श्यै 'to go', verbs ending in a long भा , व्यद् 'to pierce', आस्रु 'to pain', संत्रु 'to flow', अतीण् 'to pass on', अवसा 'to complete', अवह 'to take away', लिह 'to lick', श्लिष 'to embrace' and श्वस 'to breathe'.
  142. 3.1.142 दुन्योरनुपसर्गे The affix ण is used after the verbs दु 'to burn' and नी 'to lead', when used without a preposition.
  143. 3.1.143 विभाषा ग्रहः The affix ण is optionally used after the verb ग्रह 'to seize'.
  144. 3.1.144 गेहे कः The affix क is used after the verb ग्रह 'to seize' when the agent so expressed denotes a house.
  145. 3.1.145 शिल्पिनि ष्वुन् The affix ष्वुन् (अक्) comes after a verb when the agent so expressed denotes an artist.
  146. 3.1.146 गस्थकन् The affix थकन् (थक) comes after the verb गै 'to sing' when the agent so expressed, denotes an artist.
  147. 3.1.147 ण्युट् च The affix ण्युट् is also used after the verb गै 'to sing' when the agent so expressed denotes an artist.
  148. 3.1.148 हश्च व्रीहिकालयोः After the verb हा , also the affix ण्युट् is used when the agent so expressed denotes 'rice' and 'time'.
  149. 3.1.149 प्रुसृल्वः समभिहारे वुन् After the verbs प्रु 'to go', सृ 'to move', स्रु 'to flow' and लू 'to cut', the affix वुन् is used, when repitition is meant.
  150. 3.1.150 आशिषि च The affix वुन् is applied after all verbs when Benediction is intended.

Pāda 3.2 kṛt with upapadas; past and present

kṛt affixes after a root with a dependent word (3.2.1 karmaṇy aṇ …); past-time affixes (3.2.84 bhūte), including niṣṭhā kta/ktavatu (3.2.102) and laṅ/liṭ (3.2.111, 3.2.115); laṭ for the present (3.2.123) and its participles; habitual agents (3.2.134ff). map →

  1. 3.2.1 कर्मण्यण् The affix अण् comes after a verbal root when the object (or whatever sort it may be), is in composition with it (an an उपपद).
  2. 3.2.2 ह्वावामश्च The affix अण् comes after a root हूञ् 'to call' वेञ् 'to weave', माङ् 'to measure', when the object is in composition with it.
  3. 3.2.3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः The affix क comes after a verbal root that ends in long आ when there is no उपसर्ग preceding it and when the object is in composition with it.
  4. 3.2.4 सुपि स्थः The affix क comes after the root स्था when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix, as an उपपद .
  5. 3.2.5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः The affix क comes after the verbs परिमृज् 'to wash out' and अपनुद् 'to drive away' when in composition with the words तुन्द 'navel' and शोक 'grief', as objects respectively.
  6. 3.2.6 प्रे दाज्ञः The affix क comes after the root दा 'to give' and ज्ञ 'to know', when taking the preposition प्र in composition with a word in the Accusative -2nd case.
  7. 3.2.7 समि ख्यः The affix क comes after root ख्या 'to tell', when preceded by the preposition सम् and when the object is in compsition with it.
  8. 3.2.8 गापोष्टक् The affix टक comes after the verbs गै 'to sing' and पा 'to drink' when used without a preposition and when the object is in composition with it.
  9. 3.2.9 हरतेरनुद्यमनेऽच् The affix अच् comes after the verb हृञ् when it does not mean 'to raise up', when the object is in composition with it.
  10. 3.2.10 वयसि च The affix अच् comes after the verb हृञ् when the object is in composition with it and when the meaning of the word to be formed is descriptive of age.
  11. 3.2.11 आङि ताच्छील्ये The affix अच् comes after the verb हृञ् (when the object is in composition with it) the root taking the preposition आञ् and the sense of the word to be formed in inclination or accustomed occupation.
  12. 3.2.12 अर्हः The affix अच् comes after the verb अर्ह 'to respect', when the object is in composition with it.
  13. 3.2.13 स्तम्बकर्णयो रमिजपोः The affix अच् comes after the verb रम् 'to sport' and जप् 'to whisper' when the case-inflected words स्तम्भ 'a clump of grass' and कर्ण 'ear' are in composition with them respectively.
  14. 3.2.14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् The affix अच् is used after the verbal roots when शम् 'well' is in composition and the word to be formed denotes a name.
  15. 3.2.15 अधिकरणे शेतेः The affix अच् comes after the verb शी 'to lie down' when in composition with a case-inflected word indicating location i.e. in the Locative -7th-case.
  16. 3.2.16 चरेष्टः The affix ट comes after the verb चर् 'to go' when a case-inflected word in composition with it denotes a location.
  17. 3.2.17 भिक्षासेनादायेषु च The affix ट is used after the verb चर् 'to go' when the words in composition with it भिक्षा 'alms', सेना 'army' and आदाय 'having taken'.
  18. 3.2.18 पुरोऽग्रतोऽग्रेषु सर्तेः The affix ट comes after the verb सृ 'to move' when the words in composition with it are पुरः , अग्रतः and अग्रे , all meaning 'in front or before'.
  19. 3.2.19 पूर्वे कर्तरि The affix ट comes after the verb सृ 'to go' when पूर्व in composition with it, denoting the agent.
  20. 3.2.20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु The affix ट comes after the verb कृञ् 'to make' when the object is in composition with it denoting cause, habit and going with the grain (concession).
  21. 3.2.21 दिवाविभानिशाप्रभाभास्कारान्तानन्तादिबहुनान्दीकिम्लिपिलिबिबलिभक्तिकर्तृचित्रक्षेत्रसंख्याजङ्घाबाह्वहर्यत्तत्धनुररुष्षु The affix ट comes after the verb कृञ् 'to make' when the following words are in composition with it - 1. दिवा 'by day' 2. विभा 'light' 3. निशा 'night' 4. प्रभा 'splendour' 5. भाः 'light' 6. कार 'work' 7. अन्त 'end' 8. अनन्त 'endless' 9. आदि 'beginning' 10. बहु 'many' 11. नान्दी 'benediction' 12. किम् 'what' 13. लिपि 'writing' 14. लिबि 'writing' 15. बलि 'oblation' 16. भक्ति 'devotion' 17. कर्तृ 'agent' 18. चित्र 'painting' 19. क्षेत्र 'field' 20. संख्या - words denoting numerals 21. जङ्घा 'thigh' 22. बाहु 'hand' 23. अहः 'day' 24. यत् 'what' 25. तत् 'that' 26. धनुस् 'bow' 27. अरुस् 'wound'.
  22. 3.2.22 कर्मणि भृतौ The affix ट comes after the verb कृञ् 'to make' when the word कर्म is in composition with it and the sense of the word to be formed is that of wages.
  23. 3.2.23 न शब्दश्लोककलहगाथावैरचाटुसूत्रमन्त्रपदेषु The affix ट does not come after the verb कृ 'to make' when the following words are in composition with it - 1. शब्द 'sound' 2. श्लोक 'verse' 3. कलह 'quarrel' 4. गाथा 'praise' 5. वैर 'enmity' 6. चाटु 'flattery' 7. सूत्र 'thread' 8. मन्त्र 'hymns' 9. पद 'word'.
  24. 3.2.24 स्तम्बशकृतोरिन् The affix इन् comes after the verb कृ when the objects in composition with it are the words स्तम्ब 'a sheaf' and शकृत् 'ordure'.
  25. 3.2.25 हरतेर्दृतिनाथयोः पशौ When the agent indicated is an animal, the affix इन् comes after the verb हृ 'to take', the object in composition with it being the words ददृति 'a leather bag' and नाथ 'a master'.
  26. 3.2.26 फलेग्रहिरात्मम्भरिश्च And the words फलेग्रहि and आत्मम्भरि are irregularly formed.
  27. 3.2.27 छन्दसि वनसनरक्षिमथाम् In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affix इन् comes after the verbs वन् 'to honour', सन् 'to worship', रक्ष् 'to protect' and अथ् 'to agitate', when the object is in composition.
  28. 3.2.28 एजेः खश् The affix खश् comes after the verb एजृ 'to tremble' when ending in शि and when the object is in composition with it.
  29. 3.2.29 नासिकास्तनयोर्ध्माधेटोः The affix खश् comes after the verbs ध्मा 'to blow' and धे 'to suck' when नासिका 'nose' and स्तन 'breast' are in composition with them as object.
  30. 3.2.30 नाडीमुष्ट्योश्च And when the words नाडी 'a tube' and मुष्टि 'a fist' are objects in composition with the verbs ध्मा 'to blow' and धे 'to suck', the affix खश् is used.
  31. 3.2.31 उदि कूले रुजिवहोः The affix खश् comes after the verbs रुजि 'to break into pieces' and वह् 'to carry', when preceded by the उपसर्ग उत् and the word कूल 'bank' is in composition with them as the object.
  32. 3.2.32 वहाभ्रे लिहः The affix खश् comes after the verb लिह 'to lick' when the object in composition with it, is the word वह 'the shoulder of an ox' or अभ्र 'a cloud'.
  33. 3.2.33 परिमाणे पचः The affix खश् comes after the verb पच् 'to cook' when the object in composition with it denotes a measure.
  34. 3.2.34 मितनखे च The affix खश् is used after the verb पच् 'to cook' when मित 'a measured partition' or नख 'a nail' is the word in composition with it as an object.
  35. 3.2.35 विध्वरुषोस्तुदः The affix खश् comes after the verb तुद् 'to strike' when विधु 'the moon' or अरुस् 'a wound' is the word in composition with it as object.
  36. 3.2.36 असूर्यललाटयोर्दृशितपोः The affix खश् comes after the verb दृश् 'to see' and तप् 'to heat' when असूर्य and ललाट are the words in composition with it as object.
  37. 3.2.37 उग्रम्पश्येरम्मदपाणिन्धमाश्च The words उग्रम्पश्य , इरम्मद , पाणिन्धम are irregularly formed.
  38. 3.2.38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् The affix खच् comes after the verb वद् 'to speak' when प्रिय or वश is the word in composition with it as an object.
  39. 3.2.39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः The affix खच् comes after the verb ताप् 'to heat' when द्विषत् or पर is the word in composition with it as an object.
  40. 3.2.40 वाचि यमो व्रते The affix खच् comes after the verb यस् 'to curb' when the word वाक् 'speech' is in composition with it as an object and the sense indicated is that of a vow.
  41. 3.2.41 पूःसर्वयोर्दारिसहोः The affix खच् comes after the verb दारि 'to split' and सह् 'to bear' when respectively in composition with the words पुर् 'a city' and सर्व 'all', as objects.
  42. 3.2.42 सर्वकूलाभ्रकरीषेषु कषः The affix खच् comes after the verb कष् 'to rub' when the words सर्व 'all', कूल 'bank', अभ्र 'cloud' and करीष 'a dry cow-dung' are in composition with it as objects.
  43. 3.2.43 मेघर्तिभयेषु कृञः The affix खच् comes after the verb कृ 'to make' when the words मेघ 'cloud' अर्ति 'misfortune' and भय 'fear' are in composition as objects.
  44. 3.2.44 क्षेमप्रियमद्रेऽण् च And the affix अण् as well as खच् come after the verb कृ 'to make' when the words क्षेम 'happiness', प्रिय 'pleasant' and भद्र 'joy' are in composition as objects.
  45. 3.2.45 आशिते भुवः करणभावयोः The affix खच् comes after the verb भू 'to be' when in composition with the case-inflected word आशित 'satisfied by eating' and the sense is that of instrument or condition.
  46. 3.2.46 संज्ञायां भृतॄवृजिधारिसहितपिदमः The affix खच् comes after the verbs - 1. भृ 'to bear' 2. तॄ 'to cross over' 3. वृ 'to choose' 4. जि 'to conquer' 5. धारि 'to hold' 6. सहि 'to bear' 7. तपि 'to heat' 8. दम 'to subdue'
  47. 3.2.47 गमश्च And the affix खच् comes after the verb गम् 'to go' when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix and when the word to be formed denotes a name.
  48. 3.2.48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः And the affix खच् comes after the verb गम् 'to go' when in composition with the verbs - 1. अन्त 'end' 2. अत्यन्त 'extreme' 3. अध्वम् 'road' 4. दूर 'far' 5. पार 'across' 6. सर्व 'all' 7. अनन्त 'endless'.
  49. 3.2.49 आशिषि हनः The affix ड comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the object is in composition with it and when benediction is intended.
  50. 3.2.50 अपे क्लेशतमसोः The affix ड comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when it is compounded with the preposition अप् and when the object in composition with it, is the word क्लेश 'pain' or तमस् 'darkness'.
  51. 3.2.51 कुमारशीर्षयोर्णिनिः The affix णिनि comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the word in composition with it is कुमार 'a child' or शीर्ष 'head'.
  52. 3.2.52 लक्षणे जायापत्योष्टक् The affix टक् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when it is in composition with the word जाया 'wife' or पति 'husband' as object and when the word so formed denotes the agent possessed of that attribute (or when the word so formed denotes a mark).
  53. 3.2.53 अमनुष्यकर्तृके च The affix टक् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the object is in composition with it and when the word to be formed denotes an agent other than a human being.
  54. 3.2.54 शक्तौ हस्तिकपाटयोः The affix टक् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the object is in composition with it as its object is हस्ति 'elephant' or कपाट 'gate' and when the sense indicated is that of power.
  55. 3.2.55 पाणिघताडघौ शिल्पिनि The word पाणिघ and ताडघ are irregularly formed when denoting an artificier.
  56. 3.2.56 आढ्यसुभगस्थूलपलितनग्नान्धप्रियेषु च्व्यर्थेष्वच्वौ कृञः करणे ख्युन् The affix ख्युन् , when in the sense of the word to be formed is that of an instrumental agent, comes after the verb कृ 'to make', when the following words are in composition with it - 1. आढ्य 'rich' 2. सुभग 'fortunate' 3. स्थूल 'big' 4. पलित 'grey' 5. नग्न 'naked' 6. अन्ध 'blind' 7. प्रिय 'pleasant', provided these words formed by the affix च्वि though not actually ending in the affix च्वि.
  57. 3.2.57 कर्तरि भुवः खिष्णुच्खुकञौ The affixes खिष्णुच् and खकञ् , when the word to be formed denotes an agent comes after the verb भू 'to become', when it is in composition with the words formed by the affix च्वि though not actually ending in the affix च्वि.
  58. 3.2.58 स्पृशोऽनुदके क्विन् The affix क्विन् comes after the verb स्पृश् 'to touch' when it is in composition with a case-inflected word other than उदक 'water'.
  59. 3.2.59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च The words - ऋत्विक्, दधृष्, स्रज् , दिश्, उष्णिह् - are considered to be readymade forms made using the क्विन् प्रत्यय. Also, the verb अञ्च् gets the क्विन् प्रत्यय in presence of an उपपद, where as the verbs युज् and क्रुञ्च् get the क्विन् प्रत्यय in absence of an उपपद.
  60. 3.2.60 त्यदादिषु दृशोऽनालोचने कञ् च And the affix कञ् comes after the verb दृश् 'to see' when it is in composition with त्यद् etc. and does not signify perception.
  61. 3.2.61 सत्सूद्विषद्रुहदुहयुजविदभिदच्छिदजिनीराजामुपसर्गेऽपि क्विप् The affix क्विप्comes after the following verbs when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix, though it may be an उपसर्ग viz. 1. सत् 'to sit' 2. सू 'to bring forth' 3. द्विष् 'to hate' 4. द्रुह् 'to bear malice' 5. दुह् 'to milk' 6. युज् 'to join' , 'to concentrate the mind' 7. विद् 'to know', 'to consider' 8. भिद् 'to divide' 9. च्छिद् 'to cut' 10. जि 'to conquer' 11. नी 'to lead 12. राज् 'to shine'.
  62. 3.2.62 भजो ण्विः The affix ण्वि comes after the verb भज् 'to share' when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix whether it be an उपसर्ग or not.
  63. 3.2.63 छन्दसि सहः In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affix णिव comes after the verb सह् 'to bear' when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix.
  64. 3.2.64 वहश्च The affix णिव after the verb वह् 'to carry' in the छन्दस् (Vedas), when the word ending in case-affix is in composition with it.
  65. 3.2.65 कव्यपुरीषपुरीष्येषु ञ्युट् In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affix ञ्युट् comes after the verb वह् 'to carry' when it is in composition with the words कव्य 'oblation of food to deceased ancestors', पुरीष 'faeces' and पुरीष्य 'water'.
  66. 3.2.66 हव्येऽनन्तः पादम् The affix ञ्युट् comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the verb वह् 'to carry' when it is in composition with the word हव्य 'an oblation to gods', provided that the word so formed does not occur in the middle of a पाद (4th part of a stanza).
  67. 3.2.67 जनसनखनक्रमगमो विट् The affix विट् (the whole of which is elided) comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the verbs 1. जन् 'to be born' 2. सन् 'to bestow' 3. खन् 'to dig' 4. क्रम् 'to pace' 5. गम् 'to go' when a word ending in case-affix is in composition and the final nasals are changed into long आ.
  68. 3.2.68 अदोऽनन्ने The affix विट् comes after the verb अद् 'to eat' when in composition with a case-inflected word other than अन्न 'food'.
  69. 3.2.69 क्रव्ये च The affix विट् comes after the verb अद् 'to eat' when the word क्रव्य is in composition with it.
  70. 3.2.70 दुहः कब् घश्च The affix कप् comes after the verb दुह् 'to milk' when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix and the letter घ replaces the final.
  71. 3.2.71 मन्त्रे श्वेतवहोक्थशस्पुरोडाशो ण्विन् In the मन्त्र literature,the affix णिवन् comes after the words 1. श्वेतवह 2.उक्थश 3. पुरोडाश् .
  72. 3.2.72 अवे यजः In the मन्त्र literature,the affix णिवन् comes after the verb यज् 'to sacrifice' when in composition the word अव्.
  73. 3.2.73 विजुपे छन्दसि The affix विच् comes after the verb यज् 'to sacrifice' when उप precedes it, in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  74. 3.2.74 आतो मनिन्क्वनिब्वनिपश्च The affixes मनिन् (मन्), वनिप् (वन्), विनय (वन्) and विच् come in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the verbs which end in long आ , when used in a case-inflected word or उपसर्ग in in composition.
  75. 3.2.75 अन्येभ्योऽपि दृश्यन्ते These affixes i.e. - मनिन् (मन्), वनिप् (वन्), विनय (वन्) and विच् are seen after other verbs also besides those ending in long आ.
  76. 3.2.76 क्विप् च And the affix क्विप् is also seen after all verbs, whether having an उपपद or not in the Vedic as well as in the modern Sanskrit.
  77. 3.2.77 स्थः क च The affixes क and क्विप् come after the verb स्था when in composition with a word ending in a case-affix or an उपसर्ग .
  78. 3.2.78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये When habit is to be expressed, the affix णिनि comes after a verb, provided the word with a case-affix in composition with it does not mean a genus.
  79. 3.2.79 कर्तर्युपमाने The affix णिनि comes after a verb when in composition with a word denoting an object of comparison, expressing the agent, the sense of the affix being 'doing something like that', that is to say, when the उपपद agent is the standard of comparison of the agent denoted by the word to which the sense of the affix refers.
  80. 3.2.80 व्रते The affix णिनि comes after a verb, in composition with a word ending in a case-affix.
  81. 3.2.81 बहुलमाभीक्ष्ण्ये The affix णिनि comes after a verb diversely when continued repitition of an action is to be expressed.
  82. 3.2.82 मनः The affix णिनि comes after the verb मन् 'to think' when there is a word with a case-affix in composition with it.
  83. 3.2.83 आत्ममाने खश्च And the affix णिनि comes after the verb मन् 'to think' when the word in composition with it is a word with a case-affix and when it is used to signify thought, whereof the object is self (the sense of the affix being 'thinking himself as such').
  84. 3.2.84 भूते All the affixes to be treated of hereafter should be understood to come in the sense of past time. adhikāra
  85. 3.2.85 करणे यजः The affix णिनि comes after the verb यज् 'to sacrifice' with the sense of past time, when the word in composition is the Instrumental -3rd case.
  86. 3.2.86 कर्मणि हनः The affix णिनि comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' with the sense of past time, when the word in composition is in the Accusative -2nd case.
  87. 3.2.87 ब्रह्मभ्रूणवृत्रेषु क्विप् The affix क्विप्comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' with the sense of past time when the following words in the Accusative -2nd case ae in composition - 1. भ्रूण 'a foetus' 2. वृत्र .
  88. 3.2.88 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affix क्विप्diversely comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' with the sense of past time,ending with the word even when the word in composition with it is other than those mentioned in the last sūtra.
  89. 3.2.89 सुकर्मपापमन्त्रपुण्येषु कृञः The affix क्विप्comes after the verb कृ 'to make' with the sense of past time, when the following words in the Accusative -2nd case are in composition - 1. सु 'action' 2. कर्म 'action' 3. पाप 'sin' 4. मन्त्र 'hymn' 5. पुण्य 'virtue'.
  90. 3.2.90 सोमे सुञः The affix क्विप्comes after the verb सु 'to press out juice' with the sense of past time, when the word सोम , in the Accusative -2nd case, is in composition.
  91. 3.2.91 अग्नौ चेः The affix क्विप्comes after the verb चि 'to collect' with the sense of past time, when the word अग्नि , in the Accusative -2nd case, is in composition.
  92. 3.2.92 कर्मण्यग्न्याख्यायाम् In expressing an object the affix क्विप्comes after the verb चि 'to collect' with the sense of past time when in composition with a word in the Accusative -2nd case, provided the word so formed is the name of fire.
  93. 3.2.93 कर्मणीनिविक्रियः The affix इनि comes after the compound verb विकृ 'to sell' in the sense of past time, when in composition with a word in the Accusative -2nd case.
  94. 3.2.94 दृशेः क्वनिप् The affix क्वनिप् comes after the verb दृश् 'to see' in the sense of past time, when in composition with a word in the Accusative -2nd case.
  95. 3.2.95 राजनि युधिकृञः The affix क्वनिप् comes after the verbs युध 'to fight' and कृ 'to make' with a past signification when the word राजन् 'king' is in composition, in the Accusative -2nd case.
  96. 3.2.96 सहे च The affix क्वनिप् comes after the verbs युध 'to fight' and कृ 'to make' with a past signification when the word सह 'with', is in composition.
  97. 3.2.97 सप्तम्यां जनेर्डः The affix ड comes after the verb जन् 'to be produced', with a past signification, when the word, in composition with it is in the Locative -7th-case.
  98. 3.2.98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ The affix ड comes after the verb जन् 'to be produced', with a past signification, when the word, in composition with it is in the Ablative -5th case, which does not denote a genus.
  99. 3.2.99 उपसर्गे च संज्ञायाम् The affix ड comes after the verb जन् 'to be produced', with a past signification, when an उपसर्ग is in composition and when the sense is simply appellative.
  100. 3.2.100 अनौ कर्मणि The affix ड comes after the verb जन् 'to be produced', with a past signification, when the root takes the preposition अनु and is compounded with a word in the Accusative -2nd case.
  101. 3.2.101 अन्येष्वपि दृश्यते The affix ड is seen to come after the verb जन् 'to be produced', with a past signification,though it be in composition with other nouns, having cases other than those mentioned in the previous sūtras.
  102. 3.2.102 निष्ठा The affixes called निष्ठा come after a verbal root used in the sense of past time.
  103. 3.2.103 सुयजोर्ङ्वनिप् The affix ङ्वनिप् comes after the verbs सु 'to press out or extract juice' and यज् 'to sacrifice', with a past signification.
  104. 3.2.104 जीर्यतेरतृन् The affix अतृन् comes after the verb जृ 'to grow old' with the sense of past time.
  105. 3.2.105 छन्दसि लिट् In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the affix लिट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verb with a past signification.
  106. 3.2.106 लिटः कानज्वा In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the affix लिट् (Perfect Tense) is optionally replaced by the affix कानच्.
  107. 3.2.107 क्वसुश्च In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affix क्वसु is optionally the substitute for लिट् .
  108. 3.2.108 भाषायां सदवसश्रुवः In modern Sanskrit the affix क्वसु optionally replaces लिट् (Perfect Tense) after the verbs सद् , वस् and श्रु with a past signification.
  109. 3.2.109 उपेयिवाननाश्वाननूचानश्च The forms उपेयिवान् , नाश्वान् , नूचान् are irregularly formed.
  110. 3.2.110 लुङ् The लुङ्-प्रत्ययः is used to indicate the past tense.
  111. 3.2.111 अनद्यतने लङ् लङ्-लकार is used to indicate actions that have happened yesterday or before.
  112. 3.2.112 अभिज्ञावचने लृट् When a word implying 'recollection' is in connection with it, a verb takes the affix लृट् (2nd Future) in the sense of the past before the commencement of the present day.
  113. 3.2.113 न यदि The affix लृट् (2nd Future) is not applied in the sense of the past when the उपपद denoting recollection has in connection with it the particle यत्.
  114. 3.2.114 विभाषा साकाङ्क्षे The affix लृट् (2nd Future) is optionally applied in the sense of the past, when a word implying 'recollection' is in connection with it and whether such a word has the particle यत् or is used simply; provided that the two verbs, occurring in the same complex sentence, are also connected together, that each is necessary to the other , to complete the sense of the speaker.
  115. 3.2.115 परोक्षे लिट् लिट्-लकार is used to indicate an action which was done yesterday or before and which was not seen by the speaker of the sentence.
  116. 3.2.116 हशश्वतोर्लङ् च And the affix लङ् (Imperfect Tense) comes after the verb when the particles ह and शश्वत are in connection with it and when the verb denotes past action unperceived by the speaker and before the commencement of the current day.
  117. 3.2.117 प्रश्ने चासन्नकाले The affixes लङ् (Imperfect Tense) and लिट् (Perfect Tense) come after a verb (in expressing a past time not belonging to the current day and unperceived by the speaker) when the past referred to is recent and the sentence is interrogative.
  118. 3.2.118 लट् स्मे The affix लट् (Present Tense) comes after a verb when the particle स्म is in connection with it (and denotes a past time not belonging to the current day and unperceived by the speaker). Note : This debars लिट् (Perfect Tense) .
  119. 3.2.119 अपरोक्षे च The affix लट् (Present Tense) comes after a verb when the particle स्म is in connection with it and denotes a past action not belonging to the current day and when the action is perceived by the agent.
  120. 3.2.120 ननौ पृष्टप्रतिवचने The affix लट् (Present Tense) is used after a verb in denoting a past action when the word ननु is in connection with it and an answer is given to the question.
  121. 3.2.121 नन्वोर्विभाषा The affix लट् (Present Tense) comes optionally after a verb in denoting past time, in reply to an interrogation, when the words न 'not' and नु 'what of that' are in connection with it.
  122. 3.2.122 पुरि लुङ् चास्मे Optionally the affixes लुङ् (Aorist) and लट् (Present Tense) come after a verb in denoting past time not belonging to the current day, when the word पुरा is used in the sentence, provided that the word स्म is not used.
  123. 3.2.123 वर्तमाने लट् The affix लट् (Present Tense) comes after a verb when denoting a present action. adhikāra
  124. 3.2.124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे The लट्-लकार gets शतृ and शानच् as आदेशाः to denote the present-tense, provided a विभक्ति other than प्रथमा is used along with these.
  125. 3.2.125 सम्बोधने च The affixes शतृ and शानच् are substitutes of लट् (Present Tense) even when agreeing with what ends with a 1st (Nominative Case) case-affix, provided that it is in the Vocative Case.
  126. 3.2.126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः The affixes शतृ and शानच् are substitutes of लट् (Present Tense) and come after a verb in expressing an attendant circumstance or characteristic and the cause of an action.
  127. 3.2.127 तौ सत् These two - शतृ and शानच् are called सत्. saṃjñā
  128. 3.2.128 पूङ्यजोः शानन् The affix शानन् comes after the verbs पू 'to purify' and यज् 'to sacrifice'.
  129. 3.2.129 ताच्छील्यवयोवचनशक्तिषु चानश् The affix चानश् comes after a verb in expressing 'habit', standard of age' and 'inability'.
  130. 3.2.130 इङ्धार्योः शत्रकृच्छ्रिणि The affix शतृ comes after the verb इङ् 'to go' and धारि 'to hold' in denoting that the agent does the action without trouble.
  131. 3.2.131 द्विषोऽमित्रे The affix शतृ comes after the verb द्विष् when the agent indicated means 'an enemy'.
  132. 3.2.132 सुञो यज्ञसंयोगे The affix शतृ comes after the verb सु 'to press out or extract juice' when the sense is that of association with sacrifice.
  133. 3.2.133 अर्हः प्रशंसायाम् The affix शतृ comes after the verb अर्ह in expressing praise.
  134. 3.2.134 आक्वेस्तच्छीलतद्धर्मतत्साधुकारिषु From this sūtra as far as क्विप् in sūtra (3.4.177) (inclusive), the affixes that we shall treat of, are to be understood in the sense of agents having such a habit or nature or having skill in such and such action. adhikāra
  135. 3.2.135 तृन् The affix तृन् comes after all verbs in the sense of 'agents having such a habit etc.'.
  136. 3.2.136 अलंकृञ्निराकृञ्प्रजनोत्पचोत्पतोन्मदरुच्यपत्रपवृतुवृधुसहचर इष्णुच् The affix इष्णुच् comes after following verbs in the sense of 'agents having such a habit etc.' - 1. अलंकृ 'to adorn' 2. ञ्निराकृ 'to expel' 3. प्रजन् 'to be born' 4. उत्पच् 'to be ripe' 5. उत्पत् 'to fly' 6. उन्मद् 'to be mad' 7. रुच् 'to shine' 8. अपत्रप् 'to be ashamed' 9. वृत् 'to move' 10. वृध् 'to grow 12. सह 'to bear' 13. चर् 'to walk'.
  137. 3.2.137 णेश्छन्दसि The affix इष्णुच् in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the verb that ends in the causative णि.
  138. 3.2.138 भुवश्च The affix इष्णुच् in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the verb भू 'to be' etc.
  139. 3.2.139 ग्लाजिस्थश्च क्स्नुः The affix क्स्नु comes after the following verbs in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' viz. - 1. ग्ला 'to be weary' 2. जि 'to conquer' 3. स्था 'to stand', as well as after भू 'to be'.
  140. 3.2.140 त्रसिगृधिधृषिक्षिपेः क्नुः The affix क्नु comes after the verbs - 1. त्रस् 'to tremble' 2. गृध् 'to be greedy' 3. धृष् 'to be bold' 4. क्षिप् 'to throw' in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.'.
  141. 3.2.141 शमित्यष्टाभ्यो घिनुण् The affix घिनुण् comes after the 8 verbs beginning with शम् 'to be calm' in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.'.
  142. 3.2.142 संपृचानुरुधाङ्यमाङ्यसपरिसृसंसृजपरिदेविसंज्वरपरिक्षिपपरिरटपरिवदपरिदहपरिमुहदुषद्विषद्रुहदुहयुजाक्रीडविविचत्यजरजभजातिचरापचरामुषाभ्याहनश्च The affix घिनुण् comes after the following verbs in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.'. - 1. संपृच् 2. अनुरुध् 3. आङ्यम् 4. आङ्यस् 5. परिसृ 6. संसृज् 7. परिदेवि 8. संज्वर् 9. परिक्षिप् 10. परिरट् 11. परिवद् 12. परिदह् 13. परिमुह् 14. दुष् 15. द्विष् 16. द्रुह् 17. दुह् 18. युज् 19. आक्रीड् 20. विविच् 21. त्यज् 22. रज् 23. भज् 24 अतिचर् 25. अपचर् 26. आमुष् 27. अभ्याहन्.
  143. 3.2.143 वौ कषलसकत्थस्रम्भः The affix घिनुण् comes after the verbs कष् 'to injure', लस् 'to embrace and sport', कत्थ 'to praise' and स्रम्भ 'to believe', when these are in composition with the preposition वि.
  144. 3.2.144 अपे च लषः The affix घिनुण् comes after the verb लष 'to wish' when compounded with the preposition अप and वि.
  145. 3.2.145 प्रे लपसृद्रुमथवदवसः The affix घिनुण् comes after the verbs 1. लप् 2. सृ 3. द्रु 4. मथ 5. वद् 6. वस् when compounded with the preposition वि.
  146. 3.2.146 निन्दहिंसक्लिशखादविनाशपरिक्षिपपरिरटपरिवादिव्याभाषासूञो वुञ् The affix वुञ् is added to the following verbs in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' - 1. निन्द् 2. हिंस् 3. क्लिश् 4. खाद् 5. विनाश् 6. परिक्षिप् 7. परिरट् 8. व्याभाष् and असूय.
  147. 3.2.147 देविक्रुशोश्चोपसर्गे The affix वुञ् comes after the verbs देवि 'to lament' and क्रुश 'to cry' when an उपसर्ग is in composition with them.
  148. 3.2.148 चलनशब्दार्थादकर्मकाद्युच् The affix युच् comes, in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' after intransitive verbs denoting 'motion' or 'sound'.
  149. 3.2.149 अनुदात्तेतश्च हलादेः The affix युच् comes, in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' after intransitive verbs as are आत्मनेपदि and begin with a consonant and are अनुदात्त i.e. have a gravely accented vowel as as indicatory.
  150. 3.2.150 जुचङ्क्रम्यदन्द्रम्यसृगृधिज्वलशुचलषपतपदः The affix युच् comes after the following verbs in the sense of 'the agent having such a habit etc.' - 1. जु 2. चङ्क्रम्य 3. दन्द्रम्य 4. सृ 5. गृध 6.ज्वल 7. शुच 8. लष 9. पत 10. पद.
  151. 3.2.151 क्रुधमण्डार्थेभ्यश्च And after the verbs having the sense of क्रुध् 'to be angry' and मण्ड 'to adorn', the affix युच् is used.
  152. 3.2.152 न यः The affix युच् is not used after the verbs which end in the letter य.
  153. 3.2.153 सूददीपदीक्षश्च The affix युच् does not come after the verbs सूद् 'to strike', दीप् 'to shine' and दीक्ष् 'to initiate'.
  154. 3.2.154 लषपतपदस्थाभूवृषहनकमगमशॄभ्य उकञ् The affix उकञ् comes after the following verbs, in the sense of 'agent having such habit etc.' - 1. लष् 2. पत् 3. पद् 4. स्था 5. भू 6. वृष् 7. हन् 8. कम् 9. गम् 10. शॄ .
  155. 3.2.155 जल्पभिक्षकुट्टलुण्टवृङः षाकन् The affix षाकन् comes, in the sense of 'agent having such habit etc.' after the following verbs - 1. जल्प् 2. भिक्ष् 3. कुट्ट 4. लुण्ट 5.वृङ .
  156. 3.2.156 प्रजोरिनिः The affix इनि comes in the sense of 'agent having such habit etc.' after the verb प्रजु 'to hasten forward'.
  157. 3.2.157 जिदृक्षिविश्रीण्वमाव्यथाभ्यमपरिभूप्रसूभ्यश्च The affix इनि comes in the sense of 'agent having such habit etc.' after the verbs 1. जि 'to conquer' 2. दृ 'to respect' 3. क्षि 'to waste, to dwell, to go' 4. विश्रि 'to shelter' 5. इ 'to go' 6. वम् 'to vomit' 7. अव्यथ 'not to give pain' 8. अभ्यम 'to injure' 9. परिभू 'to humiliate' 10. प्रसू 'to beget'.
  158. 3.2.158 स्पृहिगृहिपतिदयिनिद्रातन्द्राश्रद्धाभ्य आलुच् The affix आलुच् comes in the sense of 'agent having such habit etc.' after the words - 1. स्पृह् 'to desire' 2. गृह् 'to seize' 3. पत् 'to go' 4. दय् 'to give, to go , to protect' 5. निद्रा 'to sleep' 6. तन्द्रा 'to be tired' 7. श्रद्धा 'to venerate'.
  159. 3.2.159 दाधेट्सिशदसदो रुः The affix रु comes after the verbs 1. दा 'to give' 2. धेट् 'to suck' 3. सि 'to bind' 4. शद 'to fall' 5. सद् 'to sit'.
  160. 3.2.160 सृघस्यदः क्मरच् The affix क्मरच् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' comes after the verbs 1. सृ 'to flow' 2. घसि 'to eat' 3. अद् 'to eat'.
  161. 3.2.161 भञ्जभासमिदो घुरच् The affix घुरच् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. भञ्ज् 'to break' 2. भास् 'to shine' 3. भिद् 'to be fat'.
  162. 3.2.162 विदिभिदिच्छिदेः कुरच् The affix कुरच् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. विद् 'to know' 2. भिद् 'to divide' 3. छिद् 'to pierce'.
  163. 3.2.163 इण्नश्जिसर्त्तिभ्यः क्वरप् The affix क्वरप् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. इ 'to go' 2. नश् 'to destroy' 3. जि 'to conquer' 4. सृ 'to flow'.
  164. 3.2.164 गत्वरश्च And the word गत्वर is irregularly formed.
  165. 3.2.165 जागुरूकः The affix ऊक comes after the verb जागृ 'to be awake' in the sense of 'agent having such a habit'.
  166. 3.2.166 यजजपदशां यङः The affix ऊक comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. यज् 2. जप् 3. दश् when they end in the affix य्.
  167. 3.2.167 नमिकम्पिस्म्यजसकमहिंसदीपो रः The affix र comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. नम 'to bow' 2. क्मप् 'to shake' 3. स्मि 'to smile' 4. अजस् 'not to cease' 5. कम 'to desire' 6. हिंस 'to injure' 7. दीप 'to shine'.
  168. 3.2.168 सनाशंसभिक्ष उः The affix उ comes after the roots that have taken the affix सन् and after all the verbs आशंस् 'to wish' and भिक्ष 'to beg' in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.'.
  169. 3.2.169 विन्दुरिच्छुः The words विन्दु and इच्छु are irregularly formed by the addition of the affix उ , in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.'.
  170. 3.2.170 क्याच्छन्दसि The affix उ comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the roots that have taken the Denominative affix क्य in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.'.
  171. 3.2.171 आदृगमहनजनः किकिनौ लिट् च In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the affixes कि and किन् in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' come after the verbs that end in long आ or long or short ऋ and after the verbs 1. गम् 'to go' 2. हन् 'to kill' 3. जन् 'to be produced' and these affixes operate like लिट् (Perfect Tense) causing reduplication of the root.
  172. 3.2.172 स्वपितृषोर्नजिङ् The affix नजिङ् comes, in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs स्वप् 'to sleep' and तृष् 'to be thirsty'.
  173. 3.2.173 शॄवन्द्योरारुः The affix आरु comes, in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs शॄ 'to to injure' and वन्द् 'to praise, to salute'.
  174. 3.2.174 भियः क्रुक्लुकनौ The affixes क्रु and क्लुकन come in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verb भी 'to fear'.
  175. 3.2.175 स्थेशभासपिसकसो वरच् The affix वरच् comes, in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. स्था 'to stand' 2. ईश 'to rule' 3. भास् 'to shine' 4. पिस् 'to go' 5. कस् 'to go'.
  176. 3.2.176 यश्च यङः The affix वरच् in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' comes after the verb या when it ends with the affix यङ्.
  177. 3.2.177 भ्राजभासधुर्विद्युतोर्जिपॄजुग्रावस्तुवः क्विप् The affix क्विप् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs 1. भ्राज 'to shine' 2. भास् 'to shine' 3. धुर्व 'to injure' 4. द्युत् 'to shine' 5. ऊर्ज 'to be strong' 6. पॄ 'to fill' 7. जु 'to move rapidly' 8. स्तु 'to praise', when preceded by the word ग्रवन् 'a stone'.
  178. 3.2.178 अन्येभ्योऽपि दृश्यते The affix क्विप् comes in the sense of 'agent having such a habit etc.' after the verbs other than those seen above.
  179. 3.2.179 भुवः संज्ञाऽन्तरयोः The affix क्विप् comes after the verb भू 'to be' when the word so formed denotes a name or surety.
  180. 3.2.180 विप्रसम्भ्यो ड्वसंज्ञायाम् The affix डु comes after the verb भू 'to be' when it is preceded by the उपसर्ग वि , प्र and सम् provided that the word to be formed does not mean an appellative.
  181. 3.2.181 धः कर्मणि ष्ट्रन् The affix ष्ट्रन् comes, in denoting the object after the verb धा 'to feed'.
  182. 3.2.182 दाम्नीशसयुयुजस्तुतुदसिसिचमिहपतदशनहः करणे The affix ष्ट्रन् with in the sense of instrument, comes after the verbs 1. दाप 'to cut' 2. नी 'to lead' 3. शस् 'to hurt' 4. यु 'to join' 5. युज् 'to join' 6. स्तु 'to praise' 7. तुद् 'to inflict pain' 8. सि 'to bind' 9. सिच् 'to sprinkle' 10. मिह् 'to urine' 11. पत् 'to fall' 12. दश् 'to bite' 13. नह् 'to bind'
  183. 3.2.183 हलसूकरयोः पुवः The affix ष्ट्रन् is used after the verb पू 'to purify' with the sense of instrument when denoting a member of the body of a plough or of a hog.
  184. 3.2.184 अर्तिलूधूसूखनसहचर इत्रः The affix इत्र comes after the verbs 1. ऋ 'to go' 2. लू 'to cut' 3. धू 'to shake' 4. सू 'to bring forth' 5. खन् 'to dig' 6. सह् 'to bear' 7. चर् 'to go' , with the sense of instrument.
  185. 3.2.185 पुवः संज्ञायाम् The affix इत्र comes after the verb पू 'to purify' with the sense of the agent so expressed being the instrument when the sense of the complete word is simply appellative and not descriptive.
  186. 3.2.186 कर्तरि चर्षिदेवतयोः The affix इत्र comes after the verb पू 'to purify' with the sense of the agent or instrument when it is respectively used in connection with a sage or a deity.
  187. 3.2.187 ञीतः क्तः The verbal roots marked with an indicatory ञि , take the affix क्त , in denoting the present time.
  188. 3.2.188 मतिबुद्धिपूजार्थेभ्यश्च And after the roots denoting inclination, understanding, or respect, the affix क्त is used with the force of the present

Pāda 3.3 uṇādi, future, action nouns, moods

uṇādi affixes (3.3.1); future lṛṭ and luṭ (3.3.13, 3.3.15); action and instrument nouns: ghañ (3.3.18 bhāve), feminine ktin (3.3.94), lyuṭ (3.3.115); then the moods: liṅ (3.3.161) and loṭ (3.3.162). map →

  1. 3.3.1 उणादयो बहुलम् The affixes उण् and the rest with the force of the present and with a sense simply appellative are attached diversely.
  2. 3.3.2 भूतेऽपि दृश्यन्ते The उणादि affixes are seen also attached with the force of the past time.
  3. 3.3.3 भविष्यति गम्यादयः The words गामि etc. are valid forms having the sense of the future time. adhikāra
  4. 3.3.4 यावत्पुरानिपातयोर्लट् The affix लट् (Present Tense) comes after a root with the force of futurity when it has in construction with it the particles यावत् and पुरा.
  5. 3.3.5 विभाषा कदाकर्ह्योः The affix लट् (Present Tense) is optionally used after a root with the force of the futurity when it has in construction with it the adverbs कदा and कर्हि.
  6. 3.3.6 किंवृत्ते लिप्सायाम् When the word किम् or its derivatives are in construction with a verb, the affix लट् (Present Tense) is used optionally after a root, in denoting future time, provided that the sentences expresses a desire of gaining on the part of the speaker.
  7. 3.3.7 लिप्स्यमानसिद्धौ च And when the success, that would accrue to another by fulfilling the desire of the speaker, is indicated in a sentence, the present tense may optionally be used with the force of the futurity.
  8. 3.3.8 लोडर्थलक्षणे च The affix लट् (Present Tense) is optionally used with the force of futurity after that root, which is in a conditional sentence, is the condition precedent for the action indicated by another verb having the sense of the imperative mood.
  9. 3.3.9 लिङ् चोर्ध्वमौहूर्तिके The लट् (Present Tense) or the लिङ् (Potential) is used under similar conditions in denoting futurity, when the future time is future by a मूहूर्त (= 48 minutes).
  10. 3.3.10 तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम् The affixes तुमुन् and ण्वुल् are placed after a verbal root with the force of the future when the word in construction therewith is another verb, denoting an action performed for the sake of the (future) action.
  11. 3.3.11 भाववचनाश्च And the affixes that are ordained to come after a root with the force of denoting the mere action of the verb, such as धञ् etc. -- लोहितादिडाज्भ्यः क्यष् (3.1.3), have also the force of the future, when the word in construction therewith is another verb denoting an action performed for the sake of the future action.
  12. 3.3.12 अण् कर्मणि च The affix अण् comes after a root with the force of the future when the word in construction with it is in the Accusative -2nd case and when the action is performed for the sake of another action.
  13. 3.3.13 लृट् शेषे च When a helper action is done for doing a main action in future (For example, 'going to school for studying'), the लृट्लकार can be used to denote the main action ('studying' in this example). In addition, the लृट्लकार can also be used to indicate a general action to be done in future, even when no helper action is indicated.
  14. 3.3.14 लृटः सद् वा The affixes called सत् i.e. शतृ and शानच् are optionally the substitutes of लृट् (2nd Future).
  15. 3.3.15 अनद्यतने लुट् लुट्-लकार is used to indicate actions that will happen tomorrow or later.
  16. 3.3.16 पदरुजविशस्पृशो घञ् The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. पद् 'to pace' 2. रुज् 'to pain 3. विश् 'to enter' 4. स्पृश् 'to touch'.
  17. 3.3.17 सृ स्थिरे The affix घञ् comes after the verb शृ 'to move' when the agent is permanently fixed.
  18. 3.3.18 भावे The affix घञ् comes after a root when mere action is denoted. adhikāra
  19. 3.3.19 अकर्तरि च कारके संज्ञायाम् The affix घञ् comes after a root when the sense is that of an appellative, the word being related to the verb from which its name is deduced, but not as agent. adhikāra
  20. 3.3.20 परिमाणाख्यायां सर्वेभ्यः The affix घञ् comes after all roots when the word so formed is the name of a measure.
  21. 3.3.21 इङश्च The affix घञ् comes after the root इङ् 'to study'.
  22. 3.3.22 उपसर्गे रुवः The affix घञ् comes after the verb रू 'to roar' when it has an उपसर्ग in composition with it.
  23. 3.3.23 समि युद्रुदुवः The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. यु 'to join' 2. द्रु 'to run' 3. दु 'to burn' when in composition with the preposition सम्.
  24. 3.3.24 श्रिणीभुवोऽनुपसर्गे The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. शृ 'to go to' 2. नी 'to lead' 3. भू 'to be' when not in composition with an उपसर्ग .
  25. 3.3.25 वौ क्षुश्रुवः The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. क्षु 'to sneeze' 2. श्रु 'to move and hear' when the preposition वि is in composition.
  26. 3.3.26 अवोदोर्नियः The affix घञ् comes after the verb नी 'to lead' when the prepositions अव and उत् are in composition.
  27. 3.3.27 प्रे द्रुस्तुस्रुवः The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. द्रु 'to run' 2. स्तु 'to praise' 3. श्रु 'to move and hear' when the word in composition is प्र.
  28. 3.3.28 निरभ्योः पूल्वोः The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. पू 'to purify' 2. लू 'to cut' when निर् and अभि are respectively in composition.
  29. 3.3.29 उन्न्योर्ग्रः The affix घञ् comes after the root गॄ when the उपसर्ग-s उत् and नि are in composition.
  30. 3.3.30 कॄ धान्ये The affix घञ् comes after the verb कॄ when the prepositions उत् and नि are in composition and when the sense of the verb relates to grain.
  31. 3.3.31 यज्ञे समि स्तुवः The affix घञ् comes after the verb स्तु 'to praise' when it is preceded by the उपसर्ग सम् and the word refers to sacrificial subjects.
  32. 3.3.32 प्रे स्त्रोऽयज्ञे The affix घञ् comes after the verb स्तॄ 'to cover' when preceded by the preposition प्र ; provided that the word so formed does not refer to sacrifice.
  33. 3.3.33 प्रथने वावशब्दे The affix घञ् comes after the verb स्तॄ 'to cover' when the preposition वि is in composition with it when the sense is that of extension and when such spreading does not refer to words.
  34. 3.3.34 छन्दोनाम्नि च The affix घञ् comes after the verb स्तॄ 'to cover' with the उपसर्ग वि when the word so formed is the name of a metre.
  35. 3.3.35 उदि ग्रहः The affix घञ् comes after the verb ग्रह् 'to seize' when the preposition उत् is in composition.
  36. 3.3.36 समि मुष्टौ The affix घञ् comes after the verb ग्रह् 'to seize' when in composition with preposition सम् when the sense of the root refers to fist.
  37. 3.3.37 परिन्योर्नीणोर्द्यूताभ्रेषयोः The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. नी 'to lead' 2. इ 'to go' when the prepositions परि and नि respectively in composition with them and when the words so formed respectively mean 'a game' and 'propriety or arrangement or law'.
  38. 3.3.38 परावनुपात्यय इणः The affix घञ् comes after the root इ 'to go' in composition with the word परि when the sense is that of following in regular succession.
  39. 3.3.39 व्युपयोः शेतेः पर्याये The affix घञ् comes after the root सी 'to lie down' when the prepositions वि and उप are in composition with it and when the sense of the word so formed is that of 'regular succession'.
  40. 3.3.40 हस्तादाने चेरस्तेये The affix घञ् comes after the root चि 'to collect' when the sense expressed is that of taking by hand provided it does not refer to stealing.
  41. 3.3.41 निवासचितिशरीरोपसमाधानेष्वादेश्च कः The affix घञ् comes after the roots चि 'to collect' and क is the substitute of the initial च in these senses viz. - 1. 'a dwelling' 2. 'a fire on the funeral pile' 3. 'the body' 4. 'collection'.
  42. 3.3.42 संघे चानौत्तराधर्ये The affix घञ् comes after the roots चि 'to collect' and क is the substitute of the initial च in the sense of 'a multitude or assembly' (of living beings possessing some common characteristics) but not merely a confused crowd of men.
  43. 3.3.43 कर्मव्यतिहारे णच् स्त्रियाम् The affix णच् comes after a root in denoting reciprocity of action and the word so formed is in the feminine gender.
  44. 3.3.44 अभिविधौ भाव इनुण् The affix इनुण् comes after a root in denoting condition when co-extensiveness is meant.
  45. 3.3.45 आक्रोशेऽवन्योर्ग्रहः The affix घञ् comes after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' in composition with अव and नि when malediction is meant.
  46. 3.3.46 प्रे लिप्सायाम् The affix घञ् comes after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' when the word प्र is in composition and the sense denoted is the desire of acquisition.
  47. 3.3.47 परौ यज्ञे The affix घञ् comes after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' in composition with परि when it relates to sacrificial subjects.
  48. 3.3.48 नौ वृ धान्ये The affix घञ् comes after the verb वृ preceded by नि when the sense is that of grain.
  49. 3.3.49 उदि श्रयतियौतिपूद्रुवः The affix घञ् comes after the verbs 1. श्रि 2. यु 'to join' 3. पू 'to purify' 4. द्रु 'to run' when the preposition उत् is in composition.
  50. 3.3.50 विभाषाऽऽङि रुप्लुवोः The affix घञ् is optionally used after the verbs 1. रू 'to roar' 2. प्लु 'to float' when the preposition अङ् is in composition.
  51. 3.3.51 अवे ग्रहो वर्षप्रतिबन्धे The affix घञ् is optionally used after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' when the word अव is in composition, the sense being 'withholding the rain'.
  52. 3.3.52 प्रे वणिजाम् The affix घञ् is optionally used after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' in composition with प्र when the word so formed relates to commerce.
  53. 3.3.53 रश्मौ च The affix घञ् is optionally used after the root ग्रह् 'to seize' in composition with प्र when the word so formed means 'a rein'.
  54. 3.3.54 वृणोतेराच्छादने The affix घञ् is optionally used after the verb वृ 'to choose' when प्र is in composition and the word so formed means 'a sort of covering'.
  55. 3.3.55 परौ भुवोऽवज्ञाने The affix घञ् is optionally used after the verb भू 'to be', the word परि being in construction and the sense of the word so formed being 'disregard'.
  56. 3.3.56 एरच् The affix अच् comes after a root ending in इ or ई (when mere action is denoted or when the sense is that of an appellative, the word being related to the verb from which its name is deduced, but not as an agent).
  57. 3.3.57 ॠदोरप् After a root ending in long ॠ , short उ or long ऊ , there is the affix अप्.
  58. 3.3.58 ग्रहवृदृनिश्चिगमश्च The affix अप् comes after the verbs 1. ग्रह् 'to seize' 2. वृ 'to choose' 3. दृ 4. निश्चि 5. गम् 'to go'.
  59. 3.3.59 उपसर्गेऽदः The affix अप् comes after the verb अद् 'to eat' when an उपसर्ग is in composition.
  60. 3.3.60 नौ ण च And The affix ण as well as अप् come after the verb अद् 'to eat' when the उपसर्ग नि is in composition.
  61. 3.3.61 व्यधजपोरनुपसर्गे The affix अप् comes after the verbs 1. व्यध् 'to hurt or to pierce' 2. जप् 'to mutter' when no उपसर्ग is in composition with them.
  62. 3.3.62 स्वनहसोर्वा The affix अप् comes optionally after the verbs 1. स्वन् 2. हस् when no उपसर्ग is in composition with them.
  63. 3.3.63 यमः समुपनिविषु च And The affix अप् comes optionally after the verb यम् 'to surround' when the उपसर्ग -s सम् , उप , नि and वि are in composition ; or even when it is without उपसर्ग -less.
  64. 3.3.64 नौ गदनदपठस्वनः The affix अप् comes optionally after the verbs 1. गद् 'to speak' 2. नद् 'to sound' 3. पठ् 'to read' 4. स्वन् 'to sound' when the उपसर्ग नि is in composition with them.
  65. 3.3.65 क्वणो वीणायां च The affix अप् comes optionally after the verb क्वन् 'to jingle' when नि is in composition with it, as well as when it is without any उपसर्ग or when 'flute' is meant.
  66. 3.3.66 नित्यं पणः परिमाणे The affix अप् comes Invariably after the verb पण् 'to barter' when the sense is that of 'measure'.
  67. 3.3.67 मदोऽनुपसर्गे The affix अप् comes after the verb मद् when not in composition with an उपसर्ग .
  68. 3.3.68 प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे The words प्रमद and सम्मद are irregularly formed, meaning 'joy'.
  69. 3.3.69 समुदोरजः पशुषु The affix अप् comes after the verb अज् 'to go' when the preposition सम् and उत् are in composition and the word so formed refers to beasts.
  70. 3.3.70 अक्षेषु ग्लहः The word ग्लह is irregularly formed when the sense of the root refers to gambling.
  71. 3.3.71 प्रजने सर्तेः The affix अप् comes after the verb श्रि 'to flow' in the sense of impregnating (the covering of cows etc.).
  72. 3.3.72 ह्वः सम्प्रसारणं च न्यभ्युपविषु The affix अप् comes after the verb ह्वे 'to call' when the preposition नि , अभि , उप and वि are in composition with it and its semi-vowel is changed into the corresponding vowel.
  73. 3.3.73 आङि युद्धे The affix अप् comes after the verb ह्वे 'to call' when the word in composition is the उपसर्ग आण् and the semi-vowel of the root is changed into its corresponding vowel, when the word so formed means 'battle'.
  74. 3.3.74 निपानमाहावः The word आहाव is irregularly formed when meaning 'a trough'.
  75. 3.3.75 भावेऽनुपसर्गस्य The affix अप् comes after the verb ह्वे 'to call' and there is the change of the semi-vowel to its corresponding vowel, when the root is without an उपसर्ग and mere action is denoted.
  76. 3.3.76 हनश्च वधः The affix अप् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when without an उपसर्ग , in the sense of mere action and वध is the substitute of हन् 'to kill' before this affix.
  77. 3.3.77 मूर्तौ घनः The affix अप् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the word so formed means 'solidity' and घन् is the substitute.
  78. 3.3.78 अन्तर्घनो देशे The verb हन् preceded by the word अन्तर् takes the affix अप् and घन् is the substitute of the word हन् when the word so formed means 'a country'.
  79. 3.3.79 अगारैकदेशे प्रघणः प्रघाणश्च The words प्रघणः and प्रघाण are irregularly formed meaning 'a portion of a dwelling house'.
  80. 3.3.80 उद्घनोऽत्याधानम् The word उद्घन is irregularly formed in the sense of 'bench'.
  81. 3.3.81 अपघनोऽङ्गम् The word अपघन is irregularly formed meaning 'a member of the body'.
  82. 3.3.82 करणेऽयोविद्रुषु The affix अप् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when the words अयस् , वि or द्रु are in composition with it, when the word so formed is related to the verb as an instrument and घन् is the substitute.
  83. 3.3.83 स्तम्बे क च The affix क also comes after a root हन् 'to kill' when स्तम्ब 'a clump' is the word in composition and the relation of the word so formed to the verb is that of the instrument.
  84. 3.3.84 परौ घः The affix क also comes after a root हन् 'to kill' when the उपसर्ग परि is in composition and the relation between the word so formed and the verb is that of an instrument and घ replaces हन् .
  85. 3.3.85 उपघ्न आश्रये The word उपघ्न is irregularly formed meaning 'an inclined place for leaning or support'.
  86. 3.3.86 संघोद्घौ गणप्रशंसयोः The words संघ and उद्घ are irregularly formed in the sense of 'a collection' and 'a praise' respectively.
  87. 3.3.87 निघो निमितम् The word निघ is irregularly formed in the sense of 'as high as broad'.
  88. 3.3.88 ड्वितः क्त्रिः The affix क्त्रि comes after the verb which has an indicatory डु when denoting mere action etc.
  89. 3.3.89 ट्वितोऽथुच् After that verb that has an indicatory टु , the affix अथुच् comes with the force of denoting mere action etc.
  90. 3.3.90 यजयाचयतविच्छप्रच्छरक्षो नङ् After the verbs 1. यज् 'to worship' 2. याच् 'to ask for' 3. यत् 'to strive' 4. विच्छ् 'to shine' 5. प्रच्छ् 'to ask' 6. रक्ष् 'to preserve', comes the affix नङ् with the force of denoting mere action etc.
  91. 3.3.91 स्वपो नन् The affix नन् comes under similar circumstances after the verb स्वप् 'to sleep'.
  92. 3.3.92 उपसर्गे घोः किः The affix कि comes under similar circumstances after a घु verb -- दाधा घ्वदाप् (1.1.20) when an उपसर्ग is in composition with it.
  93. 3.3.93 कर्मण्यधिकरणे च The affix कि comes after a घु verb -- दाधा घ्वदाप् (1.1.20) when a word in the Accusative -2nd case is in composition with it and when the relation of the word so formed to its verb, is that of 'location.
  94. 3.3.94 स्त्रियां क्तिन् To express an action etc. by a word in the feminine gender, the affix क्तिन् is added to the root. adhikāra
  95. 3.3.95 स्थागापापचो भावे After the roots 1. स्था 'to stand' 2. गा 'to sing' 3. पा 'to drink' 4. पच् 'to cook', the affix क्तिन् is used when a word in the feminine gender denoting a 'mere action' is to be expressed.
  96. 3.3.96 मन्त्रे वृषेषपचमनविदभूवीरा उदात्तः In the मन्त्र literature, क्तिन् acutely accented comes after the following roots, forming words in feminine gender, denoting a 'mere action' 1. वृष् 'to rain' 2. इष् 'to wish 3. पच् 'to cook' 4. मन् 'to think' 5. विद् 'to know' 6. भू 'to be' 7. वि 'to go, to consume' 8. रा 'to give'.
  97. 3.3.97 ऊतियूतिजूतिसातिहेतिकीर्तयश्च And these words viz. 1. ऊति 'preserving sport' 2. यूति 'joining' 3. जूति 'velocity' 4. साति 'destruction' 5. हेति 'a weapon' 6. कीर्ति 'fame', are anomalous forms, acutely accented (उदात्त).
  98. 3.3.98 व्रजयजोर्भावे क्यप् The affix क्यप् comes after a roots 1. व्रज 'to go' 2. यज् 'to worship' acutely accented (उदात्त) in forming a word in the feminine denoting action.
  99. 3.3.99 संज्ञायां समजनिषदनिपतमनविदषुञ्शीङ्भृञिणः The affix क्यप् comes after the following verbs in forming a word in the feminine denoting an 'appellative 'and is acutely accented (उदात्त) viz. 1. समज 2. निषद 3. निपत 4. मन 5. विद 6. षुञ् 7. शीङ् 8. भृञ् 9. इण्
  100. 3.3.100 कृञः श च And after the root कृ comes the affix श in forming a feminine as well as the affix क्यप्.
  101. 3.3.101 इच्छा The form इच्छा 'desire' is irregular.
  102. 3.3.102 अ प्रत्ययात् After the verbs that end in an affix, there is the affix अ, the word being feminine.
  103. 3.3.103 गुरोश्च हलः The affix अ comes after a verb which has a prosodially heavy vowel and ends in a consonant when the word to be formed is feminine.
  104. 3.3.104 षिद्भिदादिभ्योऽङ् The affix अण् comes after those verbs that have an indicatory षि and after भिद् when the word to be formed is feminine.
  105. 3.3.105 चिन्तिपूजिकथिकुम्बिचर्चश्च The affix अण् as well as the affix युच् come after the following verbs, forming feminine words - 1. चिन्त् 'to think' 2. पूज् 'to worship' 3. कथ् 'to narrate' 4. कुम्ब् 'to cover' 5. चर्च् 'to learn'
  106. 3.3.106 आतश्चोपसर्गे The affix अण् comes after those verbs which end in long आ when an उपसर्ग is in composition and when the word to be formed is feminine.
  107. 3.3.107 ण्यासश्रन्थो युच् After verbs ending in णि and after आस् 'to sit' and श्रन्थ् 'to loose', there is the affix युच् when the word to be formed is feminine.
  108. 3.3.108 रोगाख्यायां ण्वुल् बहुलम् The affix ण्वुल् comes diversely after verbs when the word to be formed is feminine noun, being the name of 'diseases'.
  109. 3.3.109 संज्ञायाम् The affix ण्वुल् comes after the verbal roots, when the word to be formed is an appellative.
  110. 3.3.110 विभाषाऽऽख्यानपरिप्रश्नयोरिञ् च And the affix इञ् comes optionally after a root when a question and answer is expressed (as well as ण्वुल् and other affixes ordained by other rules).
  111. 3.3.111 पर्यायार्हर्णोत्पत्तिषु ण्वुच् The affix ण्वुच् comes optionally after a root in the sense of succession, merit, debt or production.
  112. 3.3.112 आक्रोशे नञ्यनिः The affix अनि comes after a verb when the particle नञ् is in composition with it and the sense implied is that of 'cursing'.
  113. 3.3.113 कृत्यल्युटो बहुलम् The affixes called कृत्य -- कृत्याः प्राङ् ण्वुलः (3.1.95), and the affix ल्युट् , are diversely applicable and have other senses than those taught before.
  114. 3.3.114 नपुंसके भावे क्तः The affix क्त is added to the root when action is expressed, the word being in the neuter gender.
  115. 3.3.115 ल्युट् च The affix ल्युट् is added to the root when the name of an action is expressed, in the neuter gender.
  116. 3.3.116 कर्मणि च येन संस्पर्शात् कर्तुः शरीरसुखम् The affix ल्युट् is added to a root when the name of an action is expressed, in the neuter gender provided that the verb has in construction with it, such a word in the Accusative -2nd case, as indicates the thing, from the contact with which, there arises a pleasant sensation corporally to the agent.
  117. 3.3.117 करणाधिकरणयोश्च The affix ल्युट् is added to a root when the relation of the word so formed to the verb is that of an instrument or location. adhikāra
  118. 3.3.118 पुंसि संज्ञायां घः प्रायेण The affix घ generally comes in the sense of an instrument or location after a root, when the word to be formed is a name and is in the masculine gender.
  119. 3.3.119 गोचरसंचरवहव्रजव्यजापणनिगमाश्च And the words 1. गोचर 2. संचर 3. वह 4. व्रज 5. व्यज 6. आपण 7. निगम are anomalous.
  120. 3.3.120 अवे तॄस्त्रोर्घञ् The affix घञ् comes after the roots 1. तॄ 'to cross' 2. स्तॄ 'to spread, to cover', when the उपसर्ग अव is in composition with them and when the word so formed is an appellative related to the verb either as an instrument or as a location.
  121. 3.3.121 हलश्च And after a verb ending in a consonant, comes the affix घञ् (when the word to be formed is masculine and related to the verb as an instrument or a location and thereby the palatal is changed into guttural).
  122. 3.3.122 अध्यायन्यायोद्यावसंहाराधारावायाश्च And the words 1. अध्याय 2. न्याय 3. उद्याव 4. संहार 5. आधारा 6. आवयाः are anomalous.
  123. 3.3.123 उदङ्कोऽनुदके The word उदङ्क is anomalous when the sense of the root refers to subjects other than 'water'.
  124. 3.3.124 जालमानायः The word आनाय is irregularly formed when the meaning is 'a net'.
  125. 3.3.125 खनो घ च The affix घ as well as घञ् come after the verb खन् 'to dig' when the word to be formed is an appellative related to the verb as an instrument or location.
  126. 3.3.126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल् In the sense of 'hard and difficult' or 'light and easy' the affix खल् is added to a verb when ईषद् and दुर् and सु are combined with it as उपपद-s.
  127. 3.3.127 कर्तृकर्मणोश्च भूकृञोः The affix खल् comes after the verbs भू 'to be' and कृ when the उपपद-s in composition with them are 'agent' and 'object' respectively, preceded by the words ईषद् etc. in combination with them, meaning 'hard or light'.
  128. 3.3.128 आतो युच् The affix युच् comes after the roots ending in long आ (when ईषद् and दुर् and सु are combined as उपपद-sūtras, in the sense of easily or with difficulty).
  129. 3.3.129 छन्दसि गत्यर्थेभ्यः The affix युच् comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the roots having the sense of 'to go' when the word ईषद् etc. meaning 'lightly' or 'with difficulty' are in composition with such verbs.
  130. 3.3.130 अन्येभ्योऽपि दृश्यते The affix युच् is seen to come number the छन्दस् (Vedas) after other verbs also, than those meaning 'to go'
  131. 3.3.131 वर्तमानसामीप्ये वर्तमानवद्वा The affixes which are used when the sense is that of present time, may, optionally in like manner, be used when the sense is that of past or future time not remote from the present. atideśa
  132. 3.3.132 आशंसायां भूतवच्च The affixes which are used when the sense is that of past time or of the present time, may, optionally, in like manner, be used after a root in denoting future time when hope is expressed.
  133. 3.3.133 क्षिप्रवचने लृट् When the word क्षिप्र 'quickly' or its synonym is in construction with the verb, the future affix लृट् (2nd Future) is used after the root when 'hope' is expressed in a conditional form.
  134. 3.3.134 आशंसावचने लिङ् The affix of the Potential is used in denoting Futurity after a root, when the उपपद in composition with it is a word expressing 'hope'.
  135. 3.3.135 नानद्यतनवत् क्रियाप्रबन्धसामीप्ययोः When constant continuance of action or a near Past or Future is meant, the Past and Future are not denoted as taught in अनद्यतने लङ् (3.2.111) and अनद्यतने लुट् (3.3.15), through the Imperfect and the II Future, but through the Aorist and the First Future. atideśa
  136. 3.3.136 भविष्यति मर्यादावचनेऽवरस्मिन् The Futurity is not expressed, as taught in अनद्यतने लुट् (3.3.15) through the II Future, but through the I Future, when a statement is made of a limit on this (अवर) side of another place.
  137. 3.3.137 कालविभागे चानहोरात्राणाम् The II Future is used instead of the I Future in denoting Future time not belonging to the current day when the word अवर is used together with a word expressing division of time, but not when it is a word giving the sense of 'day' or 'night'.
  138. 3.3.138 परस्मिन् विभाषा Optionally so, when a declaration is made with regard to that side of a limit of time.
  139. 3.3.139 लिङ्निमित्ते लृङ् क्रियातिपत्तौ In the context of future, if the cause-effect scenario is being described with an implication that the action did not happen, the लृङ्लकारः is used.
  140. 3.3.140 भूते च And (where there is a reason for affixing लिङ् (Benedictive) , the affix ऌङ् (Conditional Future) is to be used, when the non-completion of the action is to be understood) if the sense is that of past time.
  141. 3.3.141 वोताप्योः From this point up to sūtra उताप्योः समर्थयोर्लिङ् (3.3.152) (the whole of the following sentence is to be taken as exerting a governing the influence on the sūtras that follow; where there is a reason for affix लिङ् (Benedictive) , the ऌङ् (Conditional Future) may be) optionally (used in denoting the past time, when the non-completion of the action is to be understood). adhikāra
  142. 3.3.142 गर्हायां लडपिजात्वोः The affix लट् (Present Tense) is used after a root when it has in composition with it the wordsअपि or जातु , the sense implied by the sentence being that of 'censure'.
  143. 3.3.143 विभाषा कथमि लिङ् च The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) as well as लट् (Present Tense) is optionally used after a root when the word कथम् is in construction with it and censure is implied.
  144. 3.3.144 किंवृत्ते लिङ्लृटौ The affixes लिङ् (Benedictive) and लृट् (I Future) come after a verb when the interrogative words like किम् etc. are in composition with it and censure is implied.
  145. 3.3.145 अनवकॢप्त्यमर्षयोरकिंवृत्तेऽपि When it is to be expressed that somebody hold that something is not likely to take place or is not to be tolerated, the Potential and the I Future are used, even without the Interrogative Pronoun.
  146. 3.3.146 किंकिलास्त्यर्थेषु लृट् The affix लृट् (I Future) is used after a root when the words किंकिल or those having the sense of अस्ति 'he is' are in construction with it (when the action is not likely to occur, or is not to be tolerated).
  147. 3.3.147 जातुयदोर्लिङ् The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes after a root, the words जातु and यत् being in construction with it, when the sense is that the action is not believed to be likely or is not to be tolerated.
  148. 3.3.148 यच्चयत्रयोः The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes after a root in all tenses when the words यच्च and यत्र are in composition with it, provided that censure is implied.
  149. 3.3.149 गर्हायां च The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes in all tenses when the words यच्च and यत्र are in composition with it, provided that censure is implied.
  150. 3.3.150 चित्रीकरणे च The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes in all tenses when used with the words यच्च and यत्र and the sense implied is that of 'wonder'.
  151. 3.3.151 शेषे लृडयदौ In all the cases when 'wonder' is implied by word other than यच्च and यत्र , the affix लृट् (I Future) is used after a root, except when the word यदि is used.
  152. 3.3.152 उताप्योः समर्थयोर्लिङ् The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes after a verb in all tenses when the words उत and अपि , both having the same meaning, are in composition.
  153. 3.3.153 कामप्रवेदनेऽकच्चिति The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes after a root, in expressing or making known of a wish, except when the word कच्चित् is in composition with it.
  154. 3.3.154 सम्भावनेऽलमिति चेत् सिद्धाप्रयोगे The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) is used after a root, when the expectation (of a person or thing being able or competent to do or suffer the action denoted by the verb is implied (or expressed by any other word used along with them) than 'alarm'.
  155. 3.3.155 विभाषा धातौ सम्भावनवचनेऽयदि The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) is optionally used after a verb when it has another verb which expresses 'expectation' in construction with it, but not so when the word यत् is used.
  156. 3.3.156 हेतुहेतुमतोर्लिङ् The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) is optionally used after those verbs which express the condition and its consequence.
  157. 3.3.157 इच्छार्थेषु लिङ्लोटौ The affixes लिङ् (Benedictive) and लोट् (Imperative) are used after a root when another verb having the same sense of 'wishing' is in construction with it.
  158. 3.3.158 समानकर्तृकेषु तुमुन् The affix तुमुन् comes after a verb when another verb meaning 'to wish' is in construction, provided that the agent of both the verbs is the same.
  159. 3.3.159 लिङ् च The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) is used after a verb when the verbs meaning 'to wish' are in construction with it and the agent of both the verbs is the same.
  160. 3.3.160 इच्छार्थेभ्यो विभाषा वर्तमाने After roots meaning 'to wish' the लिङ् (Benedictive) is optionally used denoting the present time.
  161. 3.3.161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ् लिङ्लकार can be used to indicate विधि (= order) , निमन्त्रण ( = an invitation that cannot be rejected), आमन्त्रण (= an invitation that can be rejected), अधीष्ट (= Ask something with respect, often in exchange of money or something else), सम्प्रश्न (= A question about doing or not doing something) and प्रार्थना (= request).
  162. 3.3.162 लोट् च लोट्लकार can be used to indicate विधि (= order) , निमन्त्रण ( = an invitation that cannot be rejected), आमन्त्रण (= an invitation that can be rejected), अधीष्ट (= Ask something with respect, often in exchange of money or something else), सम्प्रश्न (= A question about doing or not doing something) and प्रार्थना (= request).
  163. 3.3.163 प्रैषातिसर्गप्राप्तकालेषु कृत्याश्च The affixes called कृत्य and the affix लोट् (Imperative) come also after verbs, in the sense of direction, granting permission and proper (particular) time.
  164. 3.3.164 लिङ् चोर्ध्वमौहूर्तिके The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) (as well as कृत्य and लोट् (Imperative) ) is used (under similar circumstances in the sense of 1. direction 2. permission etc.) when the time is future by a मुहूर्त (48 minutes or an Indian hour); (or the Potential may be used as well when it signifies 'at this very moment').
  165. 3.3.165 स्मे लोट् The affix लोट् (Imperative) comes after a verb when the word स्म is in composition (when the sense is that of 'direction', permission etc.) and referring to time by a मुहूर्त (48 minutes or an Indian hour).
  166. 3.3.166 अधीष्टे च And when 'wish' is meant ( the लोट् (Imperative) may be used when the word स्म is in composition with the verb.
  167. 3.3.167 कालसमयवेलासु तुमुन् The affix तुमुन् comes after a root when the words 1. काल 2. समय 3. वेला (all meaning time) are in composition.
  168. 3.3.168 लिङ् यदि The affix लिङ् (Benedictive) comes after a root when the word यद् is in composition and the words 1. काल 2. समय 3. वेला occur in construction.
  169. 3.3.169 अर्हे कृत्यतृचश्च The affixes कृत्य and the affix तृच are added to a root when fitness as regards the agent is implied (as well as in the affix लिङ् (Benedictive) ).
  170. 3.3.170 आवश्यकाधमर्ण्ययोर्णिनिः The affix णिनि is added to the root in denoting agent, showing that there is some 'necessity' or 'indebtedness' or 'obligation' on the part of the agent in connection with the action denoted by the verb.
  171. 3.3.171 कृत्याश्च The affixes called कृत्य also come after a root when the sense to be indicated is that of 'necessity' or 'obligation'.
  172. 3.3.172 शकि लिङ् च And the affix लिङ् (Benedictive) as well as the कृत्य affixes come after a verb when the sense is that of 'capability'.
  173. 3.3.173 आशिषि लिङ्लोटौ लिङ्लकार and लोट्लकार are used to express the desire of something that cannot be easily attained.
  174. 3.3.174 क्तिच्क्तौ च संज्ञायाम् The affixes क्तिच् and क्त are used after a root when benediction is intended, provided that the whole word so formed is an appellative.
  175. 3.3.175 माङि लुङ् In presence of the अव्यय माङ्, लुङ्लकारः is used.
  176. 3.3.176 स्मोत्तरे लङ् च When माङ् is followed by स्म, the verb लुङ्लकार or लङ्लकार is used.

Pāda 3.4 Gerunds; lakāra → tiṅ endings

Infinitive and gerund affixes (ktvā 3.4.21, ṇamul); voice of the lakāra (3.4.69); then under 3.4.77 lasya the l is replaced by the 18 tiṅ endings (3.4.78) with their adjustments; sārvadhātuka vs ārdhadhātuka (3.4.113–114). map →

  1. 3.4.1 धातुसम्बन्धे प्रत्ययाः When there is a syntactical relation between the senses of the verbs, the affixes are valid, even in denoting time other than that for which they have been specifically enjoined.
  2. 3.4.2 क्रियासमभिहारे लोट्; लोटो हिस्वौ; वा च तध्वमोः When the (frequency of) repetition of an action is indicated, the affix लोट् (Imperative) is added to the root and the verb is repeated. And the affixes हि and स्व or the affixes त and ध्वम् are the substitutes of लोट् (Imperative).
  3. 3.4.3 समुच्चयेऽन्यतरस्याम् The affix लोट् (Imperative) is similarly added to the root optionally when several themes follow one after another.
  4. 3.4.4 यथाविध्यनुप्रयोगः पूर्वस्मिन् In the first case -- क्रियासमभिहारे लोट्, लोटो हिस्वौ, वा च तध्वमोः (3.4.2) the same verb must be used in the subsequent clause, as the verb which was put in the लोट् (Imperative Mood) .
  5. 3.4.5 समुच्चये सामान्यवचनस्य In the second case -- समुच्चयेऽन्यतरस्याम् (3.4.3), where many actions are spoken of together, the verb that is made to follow, should be such as has the sense common to all those verbs.
  6. 3.4.6 छन्दसि लुङ्लङ्लिटः In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the लुङ् (Aorist), लङ् (Imperfect Tense) and लिट् (Perfect Tense) are optionally used in all tenses, in relation to verbs.
  7. 3.4.7 लिङर्थे लेट् The affix लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive) is optionally used the छन्दस् (Vedas) wherever the लिङ् (Benedictive) can be used.
  8. 3.4.8 उपसंवादाशङ्कयोश्च Where a contingent promise (a reciprocal agreement) or apprehension is implied, the affix लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive) is used after a root in the छन्दस् (Vedas) Literature.
  9. 3.4.9 तुमर्थे सेसेनसेऽसेन्क्सेकसेनध्यैअध्यैन्कध्यैकध्यैन्शध्यैशध्यैन्तवैतवेङ्तवेनः In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the following affixes come after the roots with the force of the affix तुमुन् , viz. 1. से 2. सेन् 3. असे 4. असेन् 5. क्से 6. क्सेन् 7. अध्यै 8. अध्यैन् 9. कध्यै 10. कध्यैन् 11. शाध्यै 12. शाध्यैन् 13. तवै 14. तवै 15. तवैन् .
  10. 3.4.10 प्रयै रोहिष्यै अव्यथिष्यै The words 1. प्रयै 2. रोहिष्यै 3. अव्यथिष्यै are irregularly formed Vedic Infinitives.
  11. 3.4.11 दृशे विख्ये च The words 1. दृशे 2. विख्ये are anomalous Vedic Infinitives.
  12. 3.4.12 शकि णमुल्कमुलौ The affixes णमुल् and कमुल् are added to roots in the छन्दस् (Vedas) to form Infinitives, when they are governed by the verb शक् 'to be able'.
  13. 3.4.13 ईश्वरे तोसुन्कसुनौ The affixes तोसुन् and कसुन् are added to roots in the छन्दस् (Vedas) to form Infinitives, when the word ईश्वर is in composition.
  14. 3.4.14 कृत्यार्थे तवैकेन्केन्यत्वनः The affixes 1. तवै 2. केन् 3. केन्य 4. त्वन् are added to roots in the छन्दस् (Vedas), in the sense of कृत्य-affixes.
  15. 3.4.15 अवचक्षे च The word of अवचक्षे is an anomalous passive participle in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  16. 3.4.16 भावलक्षणे स्थेण्कृञ्वदिचरिहुतमिजनिभ्यस्तोसुन् The affix तोसुन् comes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the following verbs, when mere name of the action is indicated viz. 1. स्था 'to stand' 2. इण् 'to go' 3. कृञ् 'to make' 4. वद् 'to speak' 5. चर् 'to go, to walk' 6. हु 'to sacrifice' 7. तम् 'to grow tired' 8. जन् 'to produce' .
  17. 3.4.17 सृपितृदोः कसुन् In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the affix कसुन् comes after the verbs 1. सृप् 'to creep' 2. तृद् 'to injure' , in the sense of Infinitives indicating name of action.
  18. 3.4.18 अलङ्खल्वोः प्रतिषेधयोः प्राचां क्त्वा According to the opinion of the Eastern Grammarians, the affix क्त्वा comes after the verb, when there are in combination with it, the words अलम् and खलु expressing the sense of prohibition.
  19. 3.4.19 उदीचां माङो व्यतीहारे According to the opinion of the Eastern Grammarians, the affix क्त्वा is added to the root मेन् 'to exchange' when the sense is that of interchange, (though the action denoted by the former word is not prior to the action denoted by the latter word).
  20. 3.4.20 परावरयोगे च The affix क्त्वा is added to a root, to denote what is situated on the side - पर or on this side of something - अवर.
  21. 3.4.21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले When two actions have the same agent, the affix क्त्वा comes after that verb which takes place in time anterior to that of the other (i.e. Absolutive in त्व refers to that action which precedes in time).
  22. 3.4.22 आभीक्ष्ण्ये णमुल् च The affixes णमुल् and क्त्वा come after a root when reiteration is to be expressed.
  23. 3.4.23 न यद्यनाकाङ्क्षे The affixes णमुल् and क्त्वा are not added to a root when the word यद् is used in a simple sentence which does not depend upon another to complete the sense.
  24. 3.4.24 विभाषाऽग्रेप्रथमपूर्वेषु The affixes णमुल् and क्त्वा come optionally after that verb which denotes the prior action, when both verbs have the same agent, provided that the following words are in composition - 1. अग्रे 2. प्रथम 3. पूर्व.
  25. 3.4.25 कर्मण्याक्रोशे कृञः खमुञ् The affix खमुञ् is added to the verb कृ 'to make', when a word in the Accusative -2nd case is in construction with it, if the sense intended implies 'abuse'.
  26. 3.4.26 स्वादुमि णमुल् (When the actions signified by the verbs कृ 'to make' and another have the same agent), the affix णमुल् is added to the verb कृ 'to make' which is concerned about a time anterior to that of the other), provided that a word signifying 'sweet' is in composition.
  27. 3.4.27 अन्यथैवंकथमित्थंसु सिद्धाप्रयोगश्चेत् When the words 1. अन्यथा 'otherwise' 2. एवम् 'so' 3. कथम् 'how' 4. इत्थम् 'thus' are compounded with the verb, the णमुल् comes after कृ 'to make', if it be such that its omission would be unobjectionable.
  28. 3.4.28 यथातथयोरसूयाप्रतिवचने The affix णमुल् is added to the root कृ 'to make', the words 1. यथा 2. तथा being compounded with it when an angry reply is made (if the omission of कृञ् is unobjectionable).
  29. 3.4.29 कर्मणि दृशिविदोः साकल्ये When the object is compounded with it, the verb दृश् 'to see' or विद् 'to know' takes the affix णमुल् to denote the total number of such objects.
  30. 3.4.30 यावति विन्दजीवोः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb विद् 'to know' and जीव् 'to live' when the word यावत् is combined with them.
  31. 3.4.31 चर्मोदरयोः पूरेः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb पुर् 'to fill' when the word चर्मन् and उदर् are compounded with it.
  32. 3.4.32 वर्षप्रमाण ऊलोपश्चास्यान्यतरस्याम् The affix णमुल् comes after the verb पुर् 'to fill' when the word so formed expresses a measure of rainfall and optionally the long ऊ of this पुर् is elided.
  33. 3.4.33 चेले क्नोपेः The affix णमुल् comes after the causative of the root क्नूय् 'to wet', when there is compounded with a noun denoting 'clothing', in the Accusative -2nd case, as an उपपद , if the whole word so formed expresses a measure of the rainfall.
  34. 3.4.34 निमूलसमूलयोः कषः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb कष् 'to rub' when the words निमूल and समूल are compounded with it in the Accusative -2nd case.
  35. 3.4.35 शुष्कचूर्णरूक्षेषु पिषः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb पिष् 'to grind', when the words 1. शुष्क 'dry' 2. चूर्ण 'powder' 3. रूक्षे 'dry', in the Accusative -2nd case are compounded with it.
  36. 3.4.36 समूलाकृतजीवेषु हन्कृञ्ग्रहः The affix णमुल् comes after the verbs 1. हन् 'to kill' 2. कृ 'to make' 3. ग्रह् 'to seize', when the words 1. समूल 2. आकृत 3. जीव in the Accusative -2nd case are respectively compounded with them.
  37. 3.4.37 करणे हनः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb हन् 'to kill' when a word in the Instrumental -3rd case is in composition with it.
  38. 3.4.38 स्नेहने पिषः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb पिष् 'to grind' when a word in the Instrumental -3rd case denoting 'liquid' is in composition.
  39. 3.4.39 हस्ते वर्त्तिग्रहोः The affix णमुल् comes after the verbs वर्त्ति (the causative of वृत्) and ग्रह् 'to seize' when a word denoting 'hand' in the Instrumental -3rd case, is in composition.
  40. 3.4.40 स्वे पुषः The affix णमुल् comes after the verb पुष् 'to feed' when a word in the Instrumental -3rd case having the sense of स्व is in composition.
  41. 3.4.41 अधिकरणे बन्धः The affix णमुल् comes after the बन्ध् 'to bind' when a word expressing location is in construction with it.
  42. 3.4.42 संज्ञायाम् The affix णमुल् comes after the बन्ध् 'to bind' when a word so formed denotes an appellative.
  43. 3.4.43 कर्त्रोर्जीवपुरुषयोर्नशिवहोः The affix णमुल् comes after the roots नश् 'to destroy' and वह् 'to carry' when the words जीव 'life' and पुरुष 'person' expressing the agent of these verbs, are respectively in construction with them.
  44. 3.4.44 ऊर्ध्वे शुषिपूरोः The affix णमुल् comes after the roots शुष् 'to dry' and पूर् 'to fill' when the word ऊर्ध्व denoting an agent is in composition with them.
  45. 3.4.45 उपमाने कर्मणि च The affix णमुल् comes after a root when an object or an agent denoting similitude is in composition with it.
  46. 3.4.46 कषादिषु यथाविध्यनुप्रयोगः The same verb should be used after the gerunds formed from the verbs कष् 'to rub' etc. as the verb from which the gerund is derived.
  47. 3.4.47 उपदंशस्तृतीयायाम् The affix णमुल् comes after a root दंश् 'to bite' preceded by the preposition उप when a word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case is in composition with it..
  48. 3.4.48 हिंसार्थानां च समानकर्मकाणाम् The affix णमुल् comes after the roots having the sense of हिंस 'to injure, to strike' when the object of this gerund is the same as the object of the main verb and when the noun with which it is compounded ends with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix.
  49. 3.4.49 सप्तम्यां चोपपीडरुधकर्षः The affix णमुल् comes after the roots 1. पीड् 'to press' 2. रुद्ध् 'to obstruct' 3. कृष् 'to draw' when they are preceded by the preposition उप and when they are compounded with nouns ending with the Locative -7th case-affix.
  50. 3.4.50 समासत्तौ (The affix णमुल् comes after a root when a word in the Locative -7th case or Instrumental -3rd case is in composition with it) and when immediate contiguity is intended i.e. 'to fall together by the ears'.
  51. 3.4.51 प्रमाणे च The affix णमुल् comes after a root when a noun in the Instrumental -3rd case or Locative -7th case is in composition with it and when measure of length is intended.
  52. 3.4.52 अपादाने परीप्सायाम् The affix णमुल् is added to the root when a noun in the Ablative -5th case is in composition and when 'haste' is intended.
  53. 3.4.53 द्वितीयायां च The affix णमुल् is added to the root when a word in the Accusative -2nd case is in composition and when 'haste' is intended.
  54. 3.4.54 स्वाङ्गेऽध्रुवे The affix णमुल् comes after a verb when a word in the Accusative -2nd case is in composition, signifying the limbs of one's own body, when the limb is such that its loss will not destroy life.
  55. 3.4.55 परिक्लिश्यमाने च The affix णमुल् comes after a root when a word in the Accusative -2nd case denoting a limb of one's own body, which is completely afflicted by the action, is in composition.
  56. 3.4.56 विशिपतिपदिस्कन्दां व्याप्यमानासेव्यमानयोः The affix णमुल् comes after the verbs 1. विश् 'to enter' 2. पत् 'to fall' 3. पद् 'to pace, to go' 4. स्कन्द् 'to leap', when a word in Accusative -2nd case is in composition and when the sense denoted is that of complete pervasion and total absorption.
  57. 3.4.57 अस्यतितृषोः क्रियाऽन्तरे कालेषु The affix णमुल् comes after the verbs 1. अस् 'to throw' 2. तृष् 'to be thirsty' when it is intended to express an intermission of the action denoted by the root, provided that a word in the Accusative -2nd case denoting time is in composition.
  58. 3.4.58 नाम्न्यादिशिग्रहोः The affix णमुल् comes after the verbs 1. आदिश् 2. ग्रह् 'to seize' when the word नामन् 'name' in the Accusative -2nd case is in composition.
  59. 3.4.59 अव्ययेऽयथाभिप्रेताख्याने कृञः क्त्वाणमुलौ The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् come after the root कृ 'to make' when an indeclinable word in composition with it and the meaning is the communication of anything in a disagreeable or undesired way.
  60. 3.4.60 तिर्यच्यपवर्गे The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् come after the root कृ 'to make' when the word त्रियक् is in composition in the sense of 'carrying to the end'.
  61. 3.4.61 स्वाङ्गे तस्प्रत्यये कृभ्वोः The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् are added to the roots कृ 'to make' and भू 'to be', in composition with a word denoting a member of one's own body when the affix तस् is joined thereto.
  62. 3.4.62 नाधाऽर्थप्रत्यये च्व्यर्थे The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् are added to the roots कृ 'to make' and भू 'to be', when a word ending in the affix ना -- विनञ्भ्यां नानाञौ नसह (5.2.27), or in an affix having the force of धा -- संख्याया विधाऽर्थे धा (5.3.42), or having the sense of the affix च्वि 'to make or to become something with it had not been before' -- अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः (5.4.50), is in composition.
  63. 3.4.63 तूष्णीमि भुवः The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् are added to the roots भू 'to be', when the word तूष्णीम् 'silently' is in composition.
  64. 3.4.64 अन्वच्यानुलोम्ये The affixes क्तवा and णमुल् come after the root भू 'to be' when the word अन्वक् in the sense of being favourably disposed, is in composition.
  65. 3.4.65 शकधृषज्ञाग्लाघटरभलभक्रमसहार्हास्त्यर्थेषु तुमुन् The affix तुमुन् is added to every verb when another verb having the sense of 1. शक् 'to be able' 2. धृष् 'to make bold' 3. ज्ञा 'to know' 4. ग्लै 'to be weary' 5. घट् 'to strive' 6. रभ् 'to begin' 7. लभ् 'to get' 8. क्रम् 'to set about' 9. सह् 'to bear' 10. अर्ह् 'to be pleased or to condescend' 11. अस् 'to be'.
  66. 3.4.66 पर्याप्तिवचनेष्वलमर्थेषु The affix तुमुन् comes after a verb having in composition with it अलम् and its synonyms when these words express to be capable of something.
  67. 3.4.67 कर्तरि कृत् The affixes called कृत् are used in the sense of an agent.
  68. 3.4.68 भव्यगेयप्रवचनीयोपस्थानीयजन्याप्लाव्यापात्या वा The words 1. भव्य 2. गेय 3. प्रवचनीय 3. उपस्थानीय 4. जन्य 5. आप्लाव्य 6. आपात्य may be optionally be used to denote the agent.
  69. 3.4.69 लः कर्मणि च भावे चाकर्मकेभ्यः For the सकर्मक verb roots, the लकार can be used in the कर्तरि as well as the कर्मणि sense. For the अकर्मक verb roots, the लकार can be used in कर्तरि as well as भावे sense.
  70. 3.4.70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः The affixes called कृत्य and the affix called क्त and those that have the sense of खल् have only these last two senses, viz. an action and an object (भाव and कर्म).
  71. 3.4.71 आदिकर्मणि क्तः कर्तरि च The affix क्त also denotes the agent when it expresses a beginning of an action.
  72. 3.4.72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थाऽऽसवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च The affix क्त is used in denoting the agent as well as the act and the object after verbs implying motion after intransitive roots and after the verbs 1. श्लिष् 'to embrace' 2. शि 'to lie down' 3. स्था 'to stand' 4. आस् 'to sit' 5. वस् 'to dwell' 6. जन् 'to produce' 7. रुह् 'to mount' 8. जृ 'to grow old'.
  73. 3.4.73 दाशगोघ्नौ सम्प्रदाने The word दाश and गोघ्न are irregularly formed and the affix in these denotes the idea of the Dative or Recipient.
  74. 3.4.74 भीमादयोऽपादाने The words भीम etc. are irregularly formed and denote ablation.
  75. 3.4.75 ताभ्यामन्यत्रोणादयः The words formed by उणादि affixes denote other ideas other than these two - 1. Reciepient 2. Ablation.
  76. 3.4.76 क्तोऽधिकरणे च ध्रौव्यगतिप्रत्यवसानार्थेभ्यः The affix क्त which is ordained after roots denoting fixedness (to cling to a place), motion and taking gives the sense of location as well.
  77. 3.4.77 लस्य All the आदेशs mentioned in this अधिकार happen in place of लकारs. adhikāra
  78. 3.4.78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस् तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् A लकार is initially converted to one of these 18 आदेशाः - तिप्, तस्, झि, सिप्, थस्, थ, मिप्, वस्, मस्, त, आताम्, झ, थास्, आथाम्, ध्वम्, इड्, वहि, महिङ्.
  79. 3.4.79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे In case of टित्-लकारs, the 'टि' of the आत्मनेपद प्रत्ययs is converted to 'ए'.
  80. 3.4.80 थासस्से In case of टित्-लकारs, the आत्मनेपद प्रत्यय थास् is converted to 'से'.
  81. 3.4.81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच् In case of आत्मनेपद of लिट्-लकार, the त-प्रत्यय is converted to एश् and झ प्रत्यय is converted to इरेच्.
  82. 3.4.82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः In case of the लिट् लकार, the परस्मैपद प्रत्ययाः are respectively converted to - णल्,अतुस्, उस्, थल्, अथुस्, अ, णल्, व, म.
  83. 3.4.83 विदो लटो वा For the verb विद्, the प्रत्ययाः of लिट्लकार are optionally converted (respectively) to णल्,अतुस्, उस्, थल्, अथुस्, अ, णल्, व, म.
  84. 3.4.84 ब्रुवः पञ्चानामादित आहो ब्रुवः In case of the verb ब्रू, the first five परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः of लट्लकार are converted optionally to (respectively) णल्, अतुस्, उस्, थल्, and अथुस्. Also, when this happens, the verb 'ब्रू' is converted to 'आह्'.
  85. 3.4.85 लोटो लङ्वत् The प्रत्ययाः of the लोट्-लकार are derived in the same way as that of the लङ्लकार. atideśa
  86. 3.4.86 एरुः The इकार present in the प्रत्ययाs of लोट्लकार is converted to उकार.
  87. 3.4.87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च The सिप्-प्रत्यय of the लोट्-लकार is converted to 'हि'. atideśa
  88. 3.4.88 वा छन्दसि In the context of वेदाः, the 'हि' आदेश given to the सिप्-प्रत्यय of लोट्-लकार could be seen considered as पित्.
  89. 3.4.89 मेर्निः In the context of लोट्लकार, the मिप् प्रत्यय is converted to नि.
  90. 3.4.90 आमेतः An एकार present in the प्रत्ययाः of लोट्-लकार is converted to आम्.
  91. 3.4.91 सवाभ्यां वामौ An एकार coming after a सकार or a वकार of प्रत्यय of लोट्लकार is respectively converted to व and अम्.
  92. 3.4.92 आडुत्तमस्य पिच्च The उत्तमपुरुष प्रत्ययाः of लोट्-लकार get the आट्-आगम, and this आगम is considered पित्. atideśa
  93. 3.4.93 एत ऐ The एकार occurring in the उत्तमपुरुष प्रत्ययाः of लोट्-लकार is converted to ऐ.
  94. 3.4.94 लेटोऽडाटौ The augments अट् and आट् are added to the तिङ् (Personal Endings) of the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive).
  95. 3.4.95 आत ऐ In the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive) ऐ is the substitute of आ in the first and second person dual of the आत्मनेपद .
  96. 3.4.96 वैतोऽन्यत्र In the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive) ऐ is optionally the substitute of ए in other places then those mentioned in the last sūtra.
  97. 3.4.97 इतश्च लोपः परस्मैपदेषु In the परस्मैपद affixes the इ is optionally elided in the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive).
  98. 3.4.98 स उत्तमस्य The स् of the first person is optionally elided in the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive).
  99. 3.4.99 नित्यं ङितः In case of ङित् लकारs, the ending सकार of the प्रत्ययाः of उत्तमपुरुष is removed.
  100. 3.4.100 इतश्च In case of ङित् लकारs, The इकार present in the परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययs is removed.
  101. 3.4.101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः In case of ङित्-लकारs, तस्, थस्, थ and मिप् are converted respectively to ताम्, तम्, त and अम्.
  102. 3.4.102 लिङस्सीयुट् The तिङ् (Personal Endings) of the लिङ् (Benedictive) and the Potential take the augment स्युत् .
  103. 3.4.103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च The परस्मैपदस्य प्रत्ययाः of लिङ्लकार get a 'यासुट्' आगम which is both - उदात्त and ङित्.
  104. 3.4.104 किदाशिषि The परस्मैपदस्य प्रत्ययाः of आशीर्लिङ्लकार get a 'यासुट्' आगम which is both - उदात्त and कित्.
  105. 3.4.105 झस्य रन् The झ-प्रत्यय of लिङ्लकार is converted to रन्.
  106. 3.4.106 इटोऽत् The इट्-प्रत्यय of लिङ्लकार is converted to 'अ'.
  107. 3.4.107 सुट् तिथोः In case of लिङ्लकार, the तकार and थकार present in the प्रत्ययाः get the 'सुट्' आगम.
  108. 3.4.108 झेर्जुस् The 'झि' प्रत्यय of लिङ्लकार is converted to 'जुस्'.
  109. 3.4.109 सिजभ्यस्तविदिभ्यश्च The झि-प्रत्यय of a ङित्-लकार that follows सिच्, अभ्यस्त or the verb root विद् is converted to जुस्.
  110. 3.4.110 आतः For an आकारान्त अङ्ग, even when the सिच् प्रत्यय is removed, the झि-प्रत्यय of a ङित्-लकार is converted to जुस्.
  111. 3.4.111 लङः शाकटायनस्यैव In the opinion of शाकटायन only जुस् is the substitute of झि , in the लङ् (Imperfect Tense) of the roots which end in a long आ.
  112. 3.4.112 द्विषश्च In the opinion of शाकटायन only जुस् is the substitute of झि , in the लङ् (Imperfect Tense) after the verb द्विष् 'to hate'.
  113. 3.4.113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् The तिङ् प्रत्ययs and the शित् प्रत्ययs are called 'सार्वधातुक'. saṃjñā
  114. 3.4.114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः Except for तिङ् and शित् प्रत्ययs, other प्रत्ययs that are attached to verbs are called 'आर्धधातुक'. saṃjñā
  115. 3.4.115 लिट् च The तिङ्-प्रत्ययs of the लिट्-लकार get the term आर्धधातुक. saṃjñā
  116. 3.4.116 लिङाशिषि The प्रत्ययs of आशीर्लिङ्-लकार are termed आर्धधातुक. saṃjñā
  117. 3.4.117 छन्दस्युभयथा In the छन्दस् (Vedas) this distinction of सार्वधातुक and आर्द्धधातुक is not always maintained and the affixes are promiscuously used. saṃjñā

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