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Adhyāya 2 of 8 · 268 sūtras

द्वितीयः अध्यायः Compounds, case & deletions

Compounds & case · Compounds (samāsa) and their types; which case ending expresses which kāraka relation; then the number and gender of compounds, root substitutes before ārdhadhātuka affixes, and zero-deletions (luk) of affixes.

Headings: 2.1.3 प्राक् कडारात् समासः → 2.2.38; 2.3.1 अनभिहिते → 2.3.72; 2.4.35 आर्धधातुके → 2.4.57

  1. 2.1 Compounds: avyayībhāva, tatpuruṣa
  2. 2.2 Compounds: bahuvrīhi, dvandva, order
  3. 2.3 Case for each kāraka
  4. 2.4 Number/gender of compounds; root substitutes; luk
See adhyāya 2 on the structure map →

Pāda 2.1 Compounds: avyayībhāva, tatpuruṣa

Only connected words combine (2.1.1). Under 2.1.3 samāsa: avyayībhāva compounds (2.1.5–21), then tatpuruṣa (from 2.1.22), including dvigu (2.1.52) and karmadhāraya types. map →

  1. 2.1.1 समर्थः पदविधिः The 'पदविधि' given in the व्याकरणशास्त्र happens only for the words that exhibit सामर्थ्य (that is, those which are related to each other). paribhāṣā
  2. 2.1.2 सुबामन्त्रिते पराङ्गवत् स्वरे A सुबन्त that is followed by an आमन्त्रित will behave exactly like the अङ्ग of that आमन्त्रित,when it comes to determination of the स्वर in that सुबन्त. atideśa
  3. 2.1.3 प्राक् कडारात् समासः The समास term is discussed from this sutra onwards till the end of second पाद of the second chapter. saṃjñāadhikāra
  4. 2.1.4 सह सुपा A समास is formed when one सुबन्त combines with another related सुबन्त. adhikāra
  5. 2.1.5 अव्ययीभावः The समासाः told till 2.1.22 are called अव्ययीभावसमासाः . saṃjñāadhikāra
  6. 2.1.6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु An अव्यय that is used in any of these meanings- विभक्तिः (e.g. 'अधि'), समीपम् (near, e.g. 'उप'), समृद्धिः (prosperity, e.g. 'सु') , व्यृद्धिः (deterioration, e.g. 'दुस्','दुर्'), अर्थाभावः (absence, e.g 'निर्'), अत्ययम् (expiry, e.g. 'अति'), असम्प्रतिः (non-presence, e.g. 'अति'), शब्दप्रादुर्भावः (appearance of the word, e.g. 'तत्'), पश्चात् (later, e.g. 'अनु'), यथा (eligibility, e.g. 'यथा'), आनुपूर्व्य (sequentially, e.g. 'अनु'), यौगपद्य (simultaneously, e.g. 'स'), सादृश्य (similarity, e.g. 'स'), सम्पत्ति (appropriate, e.g. 'स'), साकल्यार्थः (entirety, e.g. 'स'), अन्तवचनम् ('till', e.g. 'स') - undergoes a समास with a related सुबन्त, and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  7. 2.1.7 यथासादृश्ये The word 'यथा', when used in a meaning different than 'similarity', undergoes a समास with a related सुबन्त, and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  8. 2.1.8 यावदवधारणे When the word 'यावत्' is used in the the meaning of अवधारणा (indication of a number, For example - 'as many'), it undergoes a समास with a related सुबन्त, and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  9. 2.1.9 सुप्प्रतिना मात्रार्थे The word 'प्रति' when used in the meaning of 'मात्रा' (little, a small amount) undergoes a समास with related सुबन्त, and the समास is called अव्ययीभाव.
  10. 2.1.10 अक्षशलाकासंख्याः परिणा The word अक्ष (dice), the word शलाका (stick) and the words indicating a number - all undergo a समास with a related 'परि' शब्द, and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  11. 2.1.11 विभाषा All the समासाः that are told henceforth (in the following sutras) happen optionally. adhikāra
  12. 2.1.12 अपपरिबहिरञ्चवः पञ्चम्या The words 'अप', 'परि', 'बहि' and the words generated from the verb 'अञ्च्' (E.g. प्राच्, प्रत्यच्, उदच् etc) optionally undergo a समास with related पञ्चम्यन्त word; and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  13. 2.1.13 आङ् मर्यादाभिविध्योः The word 'आङ्' used in the meaning of मर्यादा (exclusive limit) and अभिविधि (inclusive limit) optionally undergoes a समास with a related word in पञ्चमी, and the समास is called अव्ययीभावसमास.
  14. 2.1.14 लक्षणेनाभिप्रती आभिमुख्ये The words अभि and प्रति when implying direction (towards), are optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-affix denoting the limit, or the goal which regulates or marks the direction and the resulting compound is अव्ययीभाव.
  15. 2.1.15 अनुर्यत्समया The word अनु 'near to' is optionally compounded with that word, nearness to which is indicated by the particle and the resulting compound is अव्ययीभाव.
  16. 2.1.16 यस्य चायामः The word अनु 'alongside of' is optionally compounded with the word indicative of that whose length the particle expresses and compound so formed is called अव्ययीभाव.
  17. 2.1.17 तिष्ठद्गुप्रभृतीनि च And the words तिष्ठद्गु 'at the time when the cows stand to be milked', etc. are अव्ययीभाव compounds.
  18. 2.1.18 पारे मध्ये षष्ठ्या वा The words पार 'across' and मध्य 'middle' may optionally be compounded with a word ending in the 6th-Case-affix, when they take forms परे and मध्ये and the compound so formed is अव्ययीभाव.
  19. 2.1.19 संख्या वंश्येन A numeral (संख्या) may be compounded with a word denoting 'one belonging to a family' and the resulting compound is अव्ययीभाव .
  20. 2.1.20 नदीभिश्च A numeral (संख्या) may be compounded with the names of 'rivers' and the resulting compound is अव्ययीभाव denoting an aggregate.
  21. 2.1.21 अन्यपदार्थे च संज्ञायाम् A word ending in a case-affix is compounded with words denoting the names of rivers, when the compound word denotes a thing other than that expressed by the terms of the compound and is an appellative, the compound so formed being an अव्ययीभाव .
  22. 2.1.22 तत्पुरुषः From this sūtra as far as sūtra (2.2.23), the word तत्-पुरुष is governing word, and is understood in all the following sūtras. saṃjñāadhikāra
  23. 2.1.23 द्विगुश्च And the compound called द्विगु (Numeral Determinative Compound) is all called तत्-पुरुष . saṃjñā
  24. 2.1.24 द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः A word ending in a 2nd case-affix is compounded with the words श्रित 'who had recourse to', अतीत 'gone by', पतित 'who has fallen upon', गत 'who has gone to', अत्यस्त 'who has passed', प्राप्त 'who has obtained' and अपान्न 'who has reached' and the resulting compound is called तत्-पुरुष .
  25. 2.1.25 स्वयं क्तेन The indeclinable word स्वयम् 'oneself' is compounded with a word ending in the affix क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  26. 2.1.26 खट्वा क्षेपे The word खट्वा in the Accusative -2nd case is compounded with a word ending in the affix क्त , when censure is implied and the compound so formed is तत्-पुरुष .
  27. 2.1.27 सामि The indeclinable word सामि 'half' is compounded with a word ending in the affix क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  28. 2.1.28 कालाः The words denoting time, being in the Accusative -2nd case, are optionally compounded with a word ending in the affix क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  29. 2.1.29 अत्यन्तसंयोगे च Words denoting time being in the Accusative -2nd case, are optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, when used in the sense of complete connection throughout with the time (i.e. duration of time) and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  30. 2.1.30 तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन A word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix is optionally compounded with what denotes quality, the quality being that which is instrumentally caused by the thing signified by what ends with the 3rd case-affix and with the word अर्थ 'wealth' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  31. 2.1.31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः A word ending in Instrumental -3rd case-affix is compounded with the words पूर्व 'prior', सदृश 'like', सम 'similar', अनर्थ 'words having the sense of less', कलह 'quarrel', निपुण 'proficient', मिश्र 'mixed' and श्लक्षण 'polished sleek', and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  32. 2.1.32 कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम् A word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix, when it denotes the agent or instrument -- (2.3.18), is compounded diversely with what ends with a कृत् affix and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  33. 2.1.33 कृत्यैरधिकार्थवचने A word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix when it denotes the agent or the Instrument, is compounded optionally with a word ending in a कृत्य affix, when exaggerated statement (whether of praise or of censure) is implied and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  34. 2.1.34 अन्नेन व्यञ्जनम् A word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix and denoting a condiment, is optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, signifying food and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  35. 2.1.35 भक्ष्येण मिश्रीकरणम् A word ending with the Instrumental -3rd case-affix and denoting a relish giving or refining ingredient, is compounded with a word meaning, victuals and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  36. 2.1.36 चतुर्थी तदर्थार्थबलिहितसुखरक्षितैः A word ending with the Dative -4th case is compounded with what denotes that which is for the purpose of what ends with the Dative -4th case and so too with the words अर्थ 'on account of', बलि 'a sacrifice', हित 'salutary', सुख 'pleasure' and रक्षित 'kept' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  37. 2.1.37 पञ्चमी भयेन A word ending with the Ablative -5th case-affix is optionally compounded with the word भय 'fear' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  38. 2.1.38 अपेतापोढमुक्तपतितापत्रस्तैरल्पशः A word ending with the Ablative -5th case-affix is compounded with the words अपेत 'gone away', अपोध 'carried away', मुक्त 'freed', पतित 'fallen', अपत्रस्त 'afraid of', when the event takes place in a gradual manner and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  39. 2.1.39 स्तोकान्तिकदूरार्थकृच्छ्राणि क्तेन Words with a sense of स्तोक 'a little', अन्तिक 'near', दूर 'far' and कृच्छ्र 'penance', ending in the Ablative -5th case are compounded with what ends in क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  40. 2.1.40 सप्तमी शौण्डैः A word ending in the Locative -7th-case-affix is compounded with the words शौण्ड 'skilled' etc. and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  41. 2.1.41 सिद्धशुष्कपक्वबन्धैश्च A word ending with the Locative -7th-case-affix is compounded with the words सिद्ध 'perfected', शुष्क 'dried', पक्व 'cooked', and बन्ध 'bound' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  42. 2.1.42 ध्वाङ्क्षेण क्षेपे A word ending in the Locative -7th-case-affix is compounded with the words ध्वाङ्क्ष 'a crow' and synonyms of crow when contempt is implied and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  43. 2.1.43 कृत्यैर्ऋणे A word ending with the Locative -7th-case-affix is compounded with words ending with कृत्य-affix (a Future Passive Participle) and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  44. 2.1.44 संज्ञायाम् A word ending with the Locative -7th-case-affix is invariably compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, when the compound thus formed is used as an appellative and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  45. 2.1.45 क्तेनाहोरात्रावयवाः The names of divisions of day or night ending with Locative -7th-case-affix are compounded with words ending with affix क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  46. 2.1.46 तत्र The word तत्र 'there' which is a word ending with Locative -7th-case-affix सप्तम्यास्त्रल् (5.3.10), is compounded with a word ending in क्त and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  47. 2.1.47 क्षेपे The word ending in Locative -7th-case-affix is compounded with a word ending with the affix क्त when 'censure' is implied and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  48. 2.1.48 पात्रेसमितादयश्च The words like पात्रे-सम्मित 'a dish-companion' (a parasite) etc. are तत्-पुरुष compounds when contempt is implied.
  49. 2.1.49 पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन A case-inflected word denoting an action which naturally precedes in time (पूर्वकाल) and the words एक 'one', सर्व 'all' जरत 'old', पुराण 'ancient', नव 'new', and केवल 'only' are compounded with their co-relative case-inflected words which are in the same case with them and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  50. 2.1.50 दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् The words expressing a point of the compass or a number (संख्या ) enter into composition with the word correlated to them by being in the same case, when the sense of the compound is that of an appellative and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  51. 2.1.51 तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च In a case where the sense is that of a तद्धित-affix or when an additional member comes after the compound or when an aggregate is to be expressed, then a word signifying a point of the compass or a number, enters into composition with a case-inflected word which is in agreement with it by being in the same case and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  52. 2.1.52 संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः In a case where the sense is that of a तद्धित-affix or when an additional member comes after the compound or when an aggregate is to be expressed, the compound, the first member of which is numeral, is called द्विगु (Numeral Determinative Compound).
  53. 2.1.53 कुत्सितानि कुत्सनैः Case-inflected words expressing vileness are compounded with case-inflected words, expressing contempt and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  54. 2.1.54 पापाणके कुत्सितैः The case-inflected words पाप 'sin' and अणक 'insignificant' are compounded with words expressive of vileness and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  55. 2.1.55 उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः Case-inflected words denoting objects of comparison are compounded with words denoting what is likened to them, by reason of the latter possessing qualities in common with the former and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  56. 2.1.56 उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे A case-inflected word denoting subject of comparison is compounded with the words व्याघ्र 'tiger' etc., the latter being the standard of comparison and in construction with the former and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष ; provided that any word expressing the common characteristic (सामान्य) as explained above, is not used.
  57. 2.1.57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् A case-inflected word denoting the qualifier (the Adjective), is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the Substantive), the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  58. 2.1.58 पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च A case-inflected words पूर्व 'prior', अपर 'other', प्रथम 'first', चरम 'last', जघन्य 'hindmost', समान 'equal', मध्य 'middle', मध्यम 'middle', and वीर 'hero' are compounded with words ending with a case-affix and which are in agreement (same case) with them and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  59. 2.1.59 श्रेण्यादयः कृतादिभिः The case-inflected words श्रेणी 'class' etc. are compounded with words कृत् 'made' etc. which are in agreement (same case), with them and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  60. 2.1.60 क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् A word ending with the affix क्त and not having the negative augment नञ् is compounded with the same word ending with the affix क्त but which is distinguished from the former, by having the augment नञ् and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  61. 2.1.61 सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः The words सत् 'good, महत् 'great', परम 'highest', उत्तम 'best' and उत्कृष्ट 'excellent' are compounded with the words denoting the person deserving the respect and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  62. 2.1.62 वृन्दारकनागकुञ्जरैः पूज्यमानम् A case-inflected word denoting object deserving of respect is compounded with the words वृन्दारक 'eminent', नाग 'serpent or elephant', कुञ्जर 'elephant' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  63. 2.1.63 कतरकतमौ जातिपरिप्रश्ने The words कतर 'which or who of two', and कतम 'which or who of many', when used in asking questions about the genus or class, are compounded with the other case-inflected words with which they are in construction and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  64. 2.1.64 किं क्षेपे The word किम् 'what', when implying 'contempt' is compounded with a word ending in case-affix and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  65. 2.1.65 पोटायुवतिस्तोककतिपयगृष्टिधेनुवशावेहत्बष्कयणीप्रवक्तृश्रोत्रियाध्यापकधूर्तैर्जातिः A case-inflected word denoting a genus (जाति) is compounded with the words पोटा 'a hermaphrodite', युवति 'a young female', स्तोक 'a little', कतिपय 'a few', गृष्टि 'a cow which has had only one calf', धेनु 'milch cow', वशा 'a barren female', वेहद् 'a cow that miscarries', बष्कयणी 'a cow that has a full-grown calf', प्रवक्तृ 'an expounder', श्रोत्रिय 'a learned ब्राह्मण ', अध्यापक 'a teacher' and धूर्त 'a cunning fellow' and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  66. 2.1.66 प्रशंसावचनैश्च A case-inflected word denoting a genus (जाति) is compounded with a word denoting praise and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  67. 2.1.67 युवा खलतिपलितवलिनजरतीभिः The word युवा 'young' is compounded with the words खलति 'bald headed', पलित 'grey-haired', वलिन 'wrinkled', जरति 'decayed', when they are in agreement (same case) and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  68. 2.1.68 कृत्यतुल्याख्या अजात्या Words ending with कृत् -affix and the word तुल्य 'equal' and its synonyms are compounded with words which do not denote genus (जाति) being in the same case with them and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  69. 2.1.69 वर्णो वर्णेन A case-inflected word denoting 'colour' is compounded with another case-inflected word which is in agreement with the former and also denotes colour and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  70. 2.1.70 कुमारः श्रमणादिभिः The word कुमार 'a boy' is compounded with co-ordinate words श्रमण 'an ascetic' etc. and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  71. 2.1.71 चतुष्पादो गर्भिण्या A case-inflected word denoting a quadruped is compounded with the co-ordinate word गर्भिणी and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष .
  72. 2.1.72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च And the words मयूर-व्यंसका 'cunning like a peacock' etc. are तत्-पुरुष compounds.

Pāda 2.2 Compounds: bahuvrīhi, dvandva, order

The rest of tatpuruṣa, then bahuvrīhi (2.2.23) and dvandva (2.2.29), and which member is placed first (2.2.30–38). map →

  1. 2.2.1 पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे The words पूर्व 'front', अपर 'near', अधर 'lower', उत्तर 'upper', are compounded when in construction with a word signifying a thing that has parts, provided that the thing having parts is distinguished numerically by unity; and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  2. 2.2.2 अर्धं नपुंसकम् The word अर्द्ध when it signifies exactly equal parts i.e. halves, is always neuter and is compounded with a word signifying a thing that has parts, provided that the thing halved is numerically one; and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  3. 2.2.3 द्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थतुर्याण्यन्यतरस्याम् The words द्वितीय 'second', तृतीय 'third', चतुर्थ 'fourth', तुर्य 'fourth', are optionally compounded with that word which signifies a thing that has parts, provided that the thing having parts is distinguished numerically by unity. The compound so formed is called तत्-पुरुष.
  4. 2.2.4 प्राप्तापन्ने च द्वितीयया The words प्राप्त 'obtained', and आपन्न 'obtained' are optionally compounded with words ending in a Second Case-affix and form तत्-पुरुष compound.
  5. 2.2.5 कालाः परिमाणिना Words denoting time are compounded when in construction, with words denoting the object whose duration is measured by the time, and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  6. 2.2.6 नञ् The negative word नञ् is compounded with a case-inflected word with which it is in construction, and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  7. 2.2.7 ईषदकृता The word ईषत् 'a little' is compounded with a case-inflected word which does not end with a कृत् affix and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  8. 2.2.8 षष्ठी A word ending with a sixth case-affix is compounded with a case-inflected word with which it is in construction and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  9. 2.2.9 याजकादिभिश्च A word ending with a sixth case-affix is compounded with the word याजक 'sacrificer' etc. and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  10. 2.2.10 न निर्धारणे A word in the genitive case is not compounded with another, when the force of the sixth case-affix is that of specification (निर्धारण).
  11. 2.2.11 पूरणगुणसुहितार्थसदव्ययतव्यसमानाधिकरणेन A word ending in a sixth case-affix is not compounded with a word having the sense of an ordinal, an attribute, or satisfaction, or with a participle ending in the suffix सत् 3.2127, or an indeclinable, or ending with the affix तव्य , or with a word denoting the same object (i.e. when they are in apposition).
  12. 2.2.12 क्तेन च पूजायाम् A word ending with sixth case-affix is not compounded with a word ending with the affix क्त , when the force of क्त is to denote 'respect' etc.
  13. 2.2.13 अधिकरणवाचिना च A word ending with a sixth case-affix is not compounded with a word ending with the affix क्त , when the force of the latter is to denote 'locality' in which something happened
  14. 2.2.14 कर्मणि च A word ending with a sixth case-affix is not compounded with another, when the force of the genitive is that of the accusative.
  15. 2.2.15 तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि A word ending with a sixth case-affix is not compounded with a word ending with त्रिच् or अक , when the force of the genitive case is that of an agent.
  16. 2.2.16 कर्तरि च A word ending with a sixth case-affix is not compounded with a word ending with त्रिच् or अक affix when the force of these latter affixes is that of an agent.
  17. 2.2.17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः A word ending with a sixth case-affix is invariably compounded with a word ending with अक , when these affixes denote a sport or livelihood; and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  18. 2.2.18 कुगतिप्रादयः The indeclinable word कु 'bad' , the particles called गति and the prepositions प्र etc. are invariably compounded with other words with which they are in construction and the resulting compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  19. 2.2.19 उपपदमतिङ् An उपपद of attendant word तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् (3.1.92) which does not end with a tense-affix (3.4.78) is invariably compounded with that with which it is in construction. The compound thus formed is तत्-पुरुष.
  20. 2.2.20 अमैवाव्ययेन When an उपपद is compounded with an indeclinable, then it is compounded only with those अव्ययs which end in the affix अम्.
  21. 2.2.21 तृतीयाप्रभृतीन्यन्यतरस्याम् An उपपद ending in third case-affix (3.4.47) etc. is compounded optionally with an indeclinable formed by the affix अम् and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  22. 2.2.22 क्त्वा च An उपपद ending in third case-affix or any other of the remaining four cases, is optionally compounded with a word ending with the affix क्तवा and the compound is तत्-पुरुष.
  23. 2.2.23 शेषो बहुव्रीहिः The remaining compound is called बहुव्रीही. saṃjñā
  24. 2.2.24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे Two or more words, ending in any case-affix, form compound, denoting another new thing, not connoted by those words individually and the compound is called बहुव्रीही.
  25. 2.2.25 संख्ययाऽव्ययासन्नादूराधिकसंख्याः संख्येये indeclinable words and the words आसन्न 'near', अदूर 'near', अधिक 'more' and the words called संख्या (Numerals) are compounded with another संख्या word, when the sense is that of a numeral or संख्या। The compound is बहुव्रीही.
  26. 2.2.26 दिङ्नामान्यन्तराले Words which are the names of the points of the compass are compounded, when the compound signifies the intermediate point and the compound so formed is बहुव्रीही.
  27. 2.2.27 तत्र तेनेदमिति सरूपे Two homonymous words (both being in the locative case or both being in the instrumental case) are compounded, the sense being 'this happens therein or with that'. The compound so formed is बहुव्रीही.
  28. 2.2.28 तेन सहेति तुल्ययोगे The word सह 'together' is compounded with a word ending with the third case-affix and the compound is बहुव्रीही ; provided that, the companion and the person accompanied are equally effected by any action or thing, in the same manner.
  29. 2.2.29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः When a set of several words ending with case-affixes stands in a relation expressable by 'and' the set is made into a compound and the compound so formed is called द्वन्द्व. saṃjñā
  30. 2.2.30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् The उपसर्जन (1.2.43) is to be placed first in a compound.
  31. 2.2.31 राजदन्तादिषु परम् The उपसर्जन is to be put last in the words राजदन्त etc.
  32. 2.2.32 द्वन्द्वे घि In a द्वन्द्व compound, let a word called घि (1.4.7), stand first.
  33. 2.2.33 अजाद्यदन्तम् In a द्वन्द्व compound, let a what begins with a vowel and ends with a short अ be placed first.
  34. 2.2.34 अल्पाच्तरम् In a द्वन्द्व compound, that word-form which has fewer vowels, is to be placed first.
  35. 2.2.35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ A word with the seventh case-affix and an epithet are to be placed first in the बहुव्रीही compound.
  36. 2.2.36 निष्ठा What ends with a निष्ठा (1.1.26) shall stand first in a बहुव्रीही compound.
  37. 2.2.37 वाहिताग्न्यादिषु In the compounds अहिताग्नि and the like, the निष्ठा-formed word may optionally be placed first.
  38. 2.2.38 कडाराः कर्मधारये The words कडाराः and the like, are optionally placed first in the कर्मधार्य.

Pāda 2.3 Case for each kāraka

Under 2.3.1 anabhihite ("if not already expressed"): accusative for the object (2.3.2), instrumental for agent and instrument (2.3.18), dative, ablative, locative; nominative for the bare stem meaning (2.3.46); genitive for the rest (2.3.50). map →

  1. 2.3.1 अनभिहिते The word अनभिहिते meaning 'not being specified' is to be understood as the governing word. adhikāra
  2. 2.3.2 कर्मणि द्वितीया When the object is not denoted by the termination of the verb i.e. when the verb does not agree with it, the 2nd case-affix is attached to the word.
  3. 2.3.3 तृतीया च होश्छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Veda), the object of the verb हु 'to sacrifice' takes the affix of the 3rd case and of the 2nd case as well.
  4. 2.3.4 अन्तराऽन्तरेण युक्ते A word joined with (or governed by) the word अन्तरा or अन्तरेण takes the second case-affix.
  5. 2.3.5 कालाध्वनोरत्यन्तसंयोगे After a word denoting time, or length, the affix of the 2nd case is used, when denoting a full duration.
  6. 2.3.6 अपवर्गे तृतीया The 3rd case-affix is used after the words denoting the duration of time or place, when the accomplishment of the desired object is meant to be expressed.
  7. 2.3.7 सप्तमीपञ्चम्यौ कारकमध्ये A noun denoting time or place gets the affix of the 7th or the 5th case when the sense applied is that the time or space is the interval between one action and another (or implies an interval of time and space between कारक-s.
  8. 2.3.8 कर्मप्रवचनीययुक्ते द्वितीया The 2nd case-affix is employed after a word which is joined with a कर्मप्रवचनीयाः (1.4.83).
  9. 2.3.9 यस्मादधिकं यस्य चेश्वरवचनं तत्र सप्तमी Where a word is governed by a कर्मप्रवचनीयाः (1.4.83) in the sense of 'more than' उपोऽधिके च (1.4.87) or 'lord of' अधिरीश्वरे (1.4.97) there the 7th case-affix (locative) is used.
  10. 2.3.10 पञ्चम्यपाङ्परिभिः The 5th case-affix (Ablative) is used when a word is governed by the following कर्मप्रवचनीयाः (1.4.83) i.e. अप , आङ् and परि.
  11. 2.3.11 प्रतिनिधिप्रतिदाने च यस्मात् The 5th case-affix (Ablative) is used after whatsoever is governed by a कर्मप्रवचनीयाः (1.4.83) in the sense of 'substitute' or 'exchange' -- प्रतिः प्रतिनिधिप्रतिदानयोः (1.4.92).
  12. 2.3.12 गत्यर्थकर्मणि द्वितीयाचतुर्थ्यौ चेष्टायामनध्वनि In the case of roots implying motion, the place which the motion is directed takes the affix of the 2nd (Accusative) or the 4th (Dative) case in denoting the 'object', when physical motion is meant and the object is not a word expressing 'road'.
  13. 2.3.13 चतुर्थी सम्प्रदाने In denoting the सम्प्रदान-कारक -- कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (1.4.32), the 4th case-affix of the Dative is used after the noun.
  14. 2.3.14 क्रियार्थोपपदस्य च कर्मणि स्थानिनः The 4th case-affix is employed in denoting the object (कर्म) of that verb, which is suppressed (स्थानी) in a sentence and which has in construction (उपपद) there-with another verb, denoting an action, performed for the sake of the future action -- तुमुन्ण्वुलौ क्रियायां क्रियार्थायाम्(3.3.10). In other words, when the sense of an infinitive of purpose formed by तुमुन् and ण्वुल् -- (3.3.10), is suppressed in a sentence, the object of this infinitive is put in the Dative -- 4th case.
  15. 2.3.15 तुमर्थाच्च भाववचनात् The 4th case-affix is used after a crude-form which ends in an affix denoting 'condition' (abstract noun -- भाववचनाश्च (3.3.11)) and having the force of the affix तुम् (or Infinitive or purpose).
  16. 2.3.16 नमःस्वस्तिस्वाहास्वधालम्वषड्योगाच्च The 4th case-affix is used in conjunction with the words नमः 'salutation', स्वस्ति 'peace', स्वाहा , स्वधा (terms used in offering oblations to Gods and पित्रि-s, respectively), अलम् , 'a match for', 'sufficient for' and वषट् , a term for oblation.
  17. 2.3.17 मन्यकर्मण्यनादरे विभाषाऽप्राणिषु In denoting the indirect object, which is not an animal, of the verb मन्य 'to think', the Dative -- 4th case is optionally used, when contempt is to be shown.
  18. 2.3.18 कर्तृकरणयोस्तृतीया In denoting the agent -- स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (1.4.54), or the instrument -- साधकतमं करणम् (1.4.42), the 3rd case is used.
  19. 2.3.19 सहयुक्तेऽप्रधाने When the word सह 'with', is joined to a word the latter takes the 3rd case, when the sense is that the word in the 3rd case is not the principal but the accompaniment of the principal thing.
  20. 2.3.20 येनाङ्गविकारः By whatsoever limb, being defective, is pointed out the defect of the person after that the 3rd case-affix is used.
  21. 2.3.21 इत्थंभूतलक्षणे Any mark or attribute, by which is indicated the existence of a particular state or condition, is put in the 3rd case to express this relation.
  22. 2.3.22 संज्ञोऽन्यतरस्यां कर्मणि After the verb सम्-ज्ञः , the 3rd case-affix is optionally used in denoting the object.
  23. 2.3.23 हेतौ When the word denotes 'cause' it takes the 3rd case-affix.
  24. 2.3.24 अकर्तर्यृणे पञ्चमी A word implying 'debt', considered as a 'cause' but not as कर्तृ or agent, takes the 5th case-affix.
  25. 2.3.25 विभाषा गुणेऽस्त्रियाम् The 5th case-affix is used optionally when the noun expresses an attribute, being the cause of an action and not being of the feminine gender.
  26. 2.3.26 षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगे The 6th-Case-affix is used after a noun implying the cause of an action, when the word हेतु is used along with such a word.
  27. 2.3.27 सर्वनाम्नस्तृतीया च After a सर्वनामस्थान -- सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि (1.1.27), when it signifies the cause of an action and the word हेतु is used with it, the 3rd case-affix is used, as well as the 6th.
  28. 2.3.28 अपादाने पञ्चमी When the अपादान कारक -- ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (1.4.24), is denoted, the 5th case-affix is used.
  29. 2.3.29 अन्यारादितरर्तेदिक्छब्दाञ्चूत्तरपदाजाहियुक्ते When a noun is joined with words meaning 'other than' or with आरात् 'near or remote', or इतर 'different from' or ऋते 'without', or words indicative of 'directions' (used also with reference to the time corresponding to them) or with words having अञ्चु 'to bend' as the last member of the compound and expressive of direction, or with words ending with the affix आच् -- दक्षिणादाच् (5.3.36) or आहि -- आहि च दूरे (5.3.37), the 5th case-affix is used.
  30. 2.3.30 षष्ठ्यतसर्थप्रत्ययेन The 6th-Case-affix is used when used in connection with words ending with affixes having the sense of the affix अतसुच -- दक्षिणोत्तराभ्यामतसुच् (5.3.28).
  31. 2.3.31 एनपा द्वितीया With a word ending with the affix एनाप् -- एनबन्यतरस्यामदूरेऽपञ्चम्याः (5.3.35), the 2nd case-affix is used, as well as the 6th.
  32. 2.3.32 पृथग्विनानानाभिस्तृतीयाऽन्यतरस्याम् When joined with the words पृथक् 'without', विना 'without' and नाना 'without', the 3rd case-affix is used, optionally (as well as the 5th and the 2nd).
  33. 2.3.33 करणे च स्तोकाल्पकृच्छ्रकतिपयस्यासत्त्ववचनस्य When expressing an instrument-कारक, optionally after the words स्तोक 'little', अल्प 'little', कृच्छ्र 'difficulty' and कतिपय 'some', the 5th case-affix is used, when they do not denote material objects.
  34. 2.3.34 दूरान्तिकार्थैः षष्ठ्यन्यतरस्याम् When in conjunction with words having the sense of दूर 'distant' and अन्तिक 'near', the 6th-Case-affix is optionally used.
  35. 2.3.35 दूरान्तिकार्थेभ्यो द्वितीया च After the words दूर 'distant' and अन्तिक 'near', the 2nd case-affix is used as well as the 5th and the 3rd.
  36. 2.3.36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च The 7th case-affix is used when the sense is that of location -- आधारोऽधिकरणम् (1.4.45), as well as after the words meaning 'distant' and 'near'.
  37. 2.3.37 यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम् By the action (भाव) of whatsoever, the time of another action is indicated, that takes the 7th case-affix.
  38. 2.3.38 षष्ठी चानादरे The 6th-Case-affix is used (as well as the 7th), when disregard is to be shown after that by whose action the time of another action is indicated.
  39. 2.3.39 स्वामीश्वराधिपतिदायादसाक्षिप्रतिभूप्रसूतैश्च The 6th and the 7th case-affixes are used after words when they are joined with स्वामिन् 'master', ईश्वर 'lord', अधिपति 'ruler', दायाद 'an heir', साक्षिन् 'witness', प्रतिभू 'a surety' and प्रसूत 'begotten'.
  40. 2.3.40 आयुक्तकुशलाभ्यां चासेवायाम् In conjunction with the words आयुक्त 'engaged', and कुशल 'skilful', when meaning entire absorption in an engagement, the 6th and the 7th case-affixes are used after a word.
  41. 2.3.41 यतश्च निर्धारणम् The 6th and the 7th case-affixes are used after those words from which specification is made, (as of an individual from the whole class).
  42. 2.3.42 पञ्चमी विभक्ते The 5th case-affix is used when the thing specified is different or divided from (and not included in) that from which specification is intended.
  43. 2.3.43 साधुनिपुणाभ्यामर्चायां सप्तम्यप्रतेः In conjunction with the words साधु 'good' and निपुण 'skilful' when they denote respect, the 7th case-affix is used, provided that the word प्रति is not used.
  44. 2.3.44 प्रसितोत्सुकाभ्यां तृतीया च In conjunction with the words प्रसिक्त and उत्सुक 'greatly desirous of', the 3rd case-affix is used after the word, as well as the 7th.
  45. 2.3.45 नक्षत्रे च लुपि When an affix declaring the time of an Asterism is elided by लुप् -- लुबविशेषे (4.2.4), the 7th and the 3rd case-affixes are used after the word, whose affix is also elided.
  46. 2.3.46 प्रातिपदिकार्थलिङ्गपरिमाणवचनमात्रे प्रथमा Where the sense is that of the Nominal-stem -- अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् (1.2.45), or of gender only, or measure only or number only, the 1st case-affix is used.
  47. 2.3.47 सम्बोधने च And when the sense is that of addressing, the 1st case-affix is used.
  48. 2.3.48 सामन्त्रितम् The word ending with the 1st case-affix, in the sense of addressing, is called आमन्त्रित or Vocative. saṃjñā
  49. 2.3.49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः The प्रथमा-एकवचन when used in the context of सम्बोधन gets the term 'सम्बुद्धि'. saṃjñā
  50. 2.3.50 षष्ठी शेषे The 6th-Case-affix is used in the remaining cases, that is to say, where there is a sense, such as the relation between property and its owner etc. different from that of a word related to a verb and from that of a Nominal-stem.
  51. 2.3.51 ज्ञोऽविदर्थस्य करणे Of the verb ज्ञा , when not used in the sense 'to know', the instrument takes the 6th-Case-affix.
  52. 2.3.52 अधीगर्थदयेशां कर्मणि Of the verbs having the sense of 'remembering', (अधिक्), and of दय 'to give', 'to pity', 'to protect', 'to move' and of ईश 'to rule or be master of', the object takes the 6th-Case-affix.
  53. 2.3.53 कृञः प्रतियत्ने The object of the verb कृ takes the 6th-Case-affix, when it means 'to impart a new quality or virtue' -- गन्धनावक्षेपणसेवनसाहसिक्यप्रतियत्नप्रकथनोपयोगेषु कृञः (1.3.32).
  54. 2.3.54 रुजार्थानां भाववचनानामज्वरेः The object of verbs having the sense of रुज् 'to afflict', with the exception of the Causative verb ज्वरय 'to be feverish', takes the 6th-Case-affix, when the verb expresses a condition (i.e. when the subject is an Abstract noun).
  55. 2.3.55 आशिषि नाथः Of the verb नाथ् when meaning 'to bless', the object takes the 6th-Case-affix.
  56. 2.3.56 जासिनिप्रहणनाटक्राथपिषां हिंसायाम् The object of the verbs जासि 'to strike', 'to hurt', हन् 'to strike' preceded by नि and ग्र , नाट् 'to injure', क्राथ and पिष when they mean 'to injure', takes the 6th-Case-affix.
  57. 2.3.57 व्यवहृपणोः समर्थयोः The object of the verbs व्यवहृ and पण् when they ae synonymous, that is when they mean 'dealing in sale and purchase transactions' or 'staking in gambling' takes the 6th-Case-affix.
  58. 2.3.58 दिवस्तदर्थस्य The object of the verb दिव् when having the above-mentioned sense of 'dealing' or 'stalking', takes the 6th-Case.
  59. 2.3.59 विभाषोपसर्गे The object of the verb दिव् when having the above-mentioned sense of 'dealing' or 'stalking', optionally takes the 6th-Case, when preceded by an उपसर्ग (preposition).
  60. 2.3.60 द्वितीया ब्राह्मणे The object of the verb दिव् when having the above-mentioned sense of 'dealing' or 'stalking', takes the 2nd case, in the ब्राह्मण literature.
  61. 2.3.61 प्रेष्यब्रुवोर्हविषो देवतासम्प्रदाने The object of the verb प्रेष्य and ब्रूहि (imperative singular of दिवादि verb, meaning 'send' and 'utter') denoting sacrificial food, takes the 6th-Case-affix, when making offerings to deity is meant or when deity is the recipient.
  62. 2.3.62 चतुर्थ्यर्थे बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् the 6th-Case-affix is used diversely with the force of the 4th case-affix.
  63. 2.3.63 यजेश्च करणे The 6th-Case-affix is diversely used in the छन्दस् in denoting the instrument of the verb यज् 'to sacrifice'.
  64. 2.3.64 कृत्वोऽर्थप्रयोगे कालेऽधिकरणे The 6th-Case-affix is used in denoting location (अधिकरण) after a word denoting time (काल) when used along with a word ending with an affix having the sense of कृत्वसुच् -- संख्यायाः क्रियाऽभ्यावृत्तिगणने कृत्वसुच् (5.4.17) 'so many times'.
  65. 2.3.65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति The 6th-Case-affix is used after a word, in denoting the agent and the object, when used along with a word ending with a कृत्-affix --कृदतिङ् (3.1.93).
  66. 2.3.66 उभयप्राप्तौ कर्मणि When the agent and the object of the action denoted by the words formed by कृत्-affixes, are both used in a sentence, in the object only, the 6th-Case-affix is employed and not in the agent (the object is put in the Genitive 6th-Case and not the Agent).
  67. 2.3.67 क्तस्य च वर्तमाने The past participle ending in क्त when used in the sense of the present tense, -- ञीतः क्तः (3.2.187) and -- मतिबुद्धिपूजार्थेभ्यश्च (3.2.188) , is used with the Genitive 6th-Case.
  68. 2.3.68 अधिकरणवाचिनश्च The past participle ending in क्त is used with the Genitive 6th-Case, when the former expresses location -- क्तोऽधिकरणे च ध्रौव्यगतिप्रत्यवसानार्थेभ्यः (3.4.76).
  69. 2.3.69 न लोकाव्ययनिष्ठाखलर्थतृनाम् The 6th-Case-affix is not used the express the agent or the object, when the word is governed by an Active Participle ending in the affix ल , or उ , or उक or an indeclinable, or by a Past Participle in the क्त and क्तवतु or by a word ending in an affix having the sense of खल् or by a Noun of agency formed by तृन्.
  70. 2.3.70 अकेनोर्भविष्यदाधमर्ण्ययोः The 6th-Case-affix is not used when the word is governed by a verbal noun in अक denoting futurity, or in a इन् denoting 'futurity and indebtedness'.
  71. 2.3.71 कृत्यानां कर्तरि वा The 6th-Case-affix is optionally used in denoting the agent, (but not the object), when the word is governed by a Future Passive Participle (कृत्य).
  72. 2.3.72 तुल्यार्थैरतुलोपमाभ्यां तृतीयाऽन्यतरस्याम् The 3rd or the 6th-Case-affix may optionally be employed, when the word is joined with another word meaning 'like to or resemblance', excepting तुला and उपना.
  73. 2.3.73 चतुर्थी चाशिष्यायुष्यमद्रभद्रकुशलसुखार्थहितैः The 4th as well as the 6th-Case-affix may be used, when blessing is intended in connection with the words आयुष 'long life', मद्र 'joy', भद्र 'good fortune', कुशल 'welfare', सुख 'happiness', अर्थ 'prosperity' and हित 'good'.

Pāda 2.4 Number/gender of compounds; root substitutes; luk

Singular and gender of certain compounds (2.4.1–31); substitutes for roots before ārdhadhātuka affixes (under 2.4.35, e.g. as → bhū 2.4.52); luk deletion of affixes, e.g. of a case ending inside a stem (2.4.71) and of śap after ad etc. (2.4.72). map →

  1. 2.4.1 द्विगुरेकवचनम् All affixes after the verb गाङ् 'to study' and the verb कुट् 'to be crooked' and the rest, are as if they had an indicatory ङ् (ङित्), except those affixes which have an indicatory ञ् (ञित्) or ण् (णित्). atideśa
  2. 2.4.2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम् An affix which begins with the augment इट् -- आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः (7.2.35), is ङित् after the root विज् 'to fear, to move'.
  3. 2.4.3 अनुवादे चरणानाम् A द्वन्द compound or words signifying persons belonging to the different Vedic-schools, when the sense is that of repetition is singular.
  4. 2.4.4 अध्वर्युक्रतुरनपुंसकम् A द्वन्द compound of words denoting क्रतु (sacrifices) ordained by यजुर् (अध्वर्यु) Veda, is singular, provided they are never used in the neuter gender
  5. 2.4.5 अध्ययनतोऽविप्रकृष्टाख्यानाम् A द्वन्द compound of words denoting (persons who have studied) subjects, which in their order of study are not remote from each other, is singular.
  6. 2.4.6 जातिरप्राणिनाम् A द्वन्द compound of words signifying जाति (genus) which are not the names of living beings, is singular.
  7. 2.4.7 विशिष्टलिङ्गो नदी देशोऽग्रामाः A द्वन्द compound of words of different genders, denoting names of rivers and countries, but not of towns, is singular.
  8. 2.4.8 क्षुद्रजन्तवः A द्वन्द compound of words signifying small animals, is singular.
  9. 2.4.9 येषां च विरोधः शाश्वतिकः A द्वन्द compound of words signifying those animals only among whom there is permanent enmity i.e. natural and eternal antipathy or quarrel, is singular.
  10. 2.4.10 शूद्राणामनिरवसितानाम् A द्वन्द compound of words denoting those classes of शुद्रा-s who have not been expelled from the communion of higher classes, is singular.
  11. 2.4.11 गवाश्वप्रभृतीनि च The word गवाश and others are also द्वन्द compounds which take the singular number.
  12. 2.4.12 विभाषा वृक्षमृगतृणधान्यव्यञ्जनपशुशकुन्यश्ववडवपूर्वापराधरोत्तराणाम् A द्वन्द compound of words being the names of trees, wild animals, grass, corn, condiment, domestic beasts and birds and the compounds अश्व-वडव , पूर्व-पर and अधरोत्तर , are optionally singular.
  13. 2.4.13 विप्रतिषिद्धं चानधिकरणवाचि A द्वन्द compound of words of contrary significations, but not being the names of concrete substances.
  14. 2.4.14 न दधिपयआदीनि The द्वन्द compounds like दधिपय etc. are not singular.
  15. 2.4.15 अधिकरणैतावत्त्वे च A द्वन्द compound denoting a fixed number (एकत्व) of concrete things (अधिकरण) is not singular.
  16. 2.4.16 विभाषा समीपे A द्वन्द compound denoting an approximate number of concrete substances, is optionally singular.
  17. 2.4.17 स नपुंसकम् It, namely the द्विगु or द्वन्द compound, with regard to which singular number has been ordained by the above rules, is always neuter gender.
  18. 2.4.18 अव्ययीभावश्च An अव्ययीभाव -- अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथाऽऽनुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु (2.1.6), compound is also neuter gender.
  19. 2.4.19 तत्पुरुषोऽनञ् कर्मधारयः A तत्-पुरुष compound, with the exception of that which is formed by the particle नञ् , and or the कर्मधारय compound, becomes neuter gender, in the cases explained in the following sūtras. adhikāra
  20. 2.4.20 संज्ञायां कन्थोशीनरेषु When denoting an appellative, a तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the word कन्था 'town', is neuter in gender, provided that it is the name of a town situated in a country of the उशीनर-s.
  21. 2.4.21 उपज्ञोपक्रमं तदाद्याचिख्यासायाम् A तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the words उपज्ञा 'invention' and उपक्रम 'commencement' is neuter in gender, when it is intended to express the starting point of a work which is first invented or commenced.
  22. 2.4.22 छाया बाहुल्ये A तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the word छाया 'shadow' in neuter in gender when the sense is that of profuseness of the thing indicated by the first term.
  23. 2.4.23 सभा राजामनुष्यपूर्वा A तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the word सभा 'court' is neuter, provided that it is preceded by (a word synonymous with) the word राजा or by a word denoting a non-human-being.
  24. 2.4.24 अशाला च A तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the word सभा 'court', when it does not mean a house but means concourse, is neuter.
  25. 2.4.25 विभाषा सेनासुराच्छायाशालानिशानाम् A तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the words सेना 'army', सुरा 'wine', छाया 'shadow', शाला 'house' and निशा 'night', is optionally neuter, with the exception of that which is formed by the particle नञ् -- नञ् (2.2.6), and the कर्मधारय compound.
  26. 2.4.26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः The gender of द्वन्द compound or तत्-पुरुष compound is like that of the last word in it. atideśa
  27. 2.4.27 पूर्ववदश्ववडवौ The gender of the compound of the word अश्व 'horse' and वडव 'a mare', is like that of the first word in it.
  28. 2.4.28 हेमन्तशिशिरावहोरात्रे च च्छन्दसि Of the compounds हेमन्त-शिशिरौ and अहोरात्रे , the gender is like that of the first word, in the छन्दस् .
  29. 2.4.29 रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि The द्वन्द and तत्-पुरुष compound ending with the words रात्र and अह्न are spoken of in masculine.
  30. 2.4.30 अपथं नपुंसकम् The तत्-पुरुष word अपथम् 'a bad road', is neuter.
  31. 2.4.31 अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च The words अर्धर्च etc. are spoken of in masculine and neuter.
  32. 2.4.32 इदमोऽन्वादेशेऽशनुदात्तस्तृतीयादौ In the room of इदम् 'this', in the case of its re-employment in a subsequent member of the same sentence and referring to the same thing (अन्वादेश) there is the substitution of अश् which is अनुदात्त (gravely accented), when the Instrumental -3rd case-affix and the rest follow.
  33. 2.4.33 एतदस्त्रतसोस्त्रतसौ चानुदात्तौ In the room of एतद् in the case of re-employment there is the substitution of the gravely accented अश् when the affixes त्र -- सप्तम्यास्त्रल् (5.3.10) and तस् -- पञ्चम्यास्तसिल् (5.3.7) follow, and the affixes त्र and तद् are अनुदात्त (gravely accented) also.
  34. 2.4.34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः When an affix of the Accusative -2nd case or टा - Instrumental -3rd case singular or ओश् Locative -7th-case dual follows, एन् which is अनुदात्त is the substitute of इदम् and its re-employment.
  35. 2.4.35 आर्धधातुके The clause 'when the affix is आर्धधातुक is understood in the following sūtras up to sūtra (2.4.58). adhikāra
  36. 2.4.36 अदो जग्धिर्ल्यप्ति किति The word जग्धि is the substitute of अद् 'to eat', when the affix ल्यप् -- समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् (7.1.37) or an आर्धधातुक कित् affix beginning with a त follows.
  37. 2.4.37 लुङ्सनोर्घसॢ When लुङ् (Aorist) or सन् (Desiderative) follows घसॢ is the substitute of अद् 'to eat'.
  38. 2.4.38 घञपोश्च And when the affix घञ् and अप् follow घसॢ is the substitute of अद्.
  39. 2.4.39 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas), घसॢ is diversely substituted for अद्.
  40. 2.4.40 लिट्यन्यतरस्याम् When लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows घसॢ is optionally the substitute of अद्.
  41. 2.4.41 वेञो वयिः When लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows, वयि is optionally the substitute follows of वेञ् 'to weave'.
  42. 2.4.42 हनो वध लिङि बध् is the substitute of हन् 'to kill' when the आर्धधातुक लिङ् (Benedictive) follows.
  43. 2.4.43 लुङि च And when लुङ् (Aorist) follows वध is the substitute of हन्.
  44. 2.4.44 आत्मनेपदेष्वन्यतरस्याम् When आत्मनेपद affixes follow, वध् is optionally the substitute of हन् in the लुङ् (Aorist).
  45. 2.4.45 इणो गा लुङि गा is the substitute of the root इण् when लुङ् (Aorist) follows.
  46. 2.4.46 णौ गमिरबोधने When the affix णि (causal follows, गामि is the substitute of इण् when the sense is not that of 'informing' but that of 'going'.
  47. 2.4.47 सनि च And when सन् (Desiderative) follows, गमि is the substitute of ण् when the sense is not that of 'informing'.
  48. 2.4.48 इङश्च And of इङ् 'to study', गमि is the substitute when सन् follows.
  49. 2.4.49 गाङ् लिटि गाम् is the substitute of इङ् when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows.
  50. 2.4.50 विभाषा लुङ्लृङोः गाङ् is optionally the substitute of इङ् when लुङ् (Aorist) and ऌङ् (Conditional Future) follow.
  51. 2.4.51 णौ च संश्चङोः गाङ् is optionally the substitute of इङ् is the causative णि , when that causative takes the affix सन् (Desiderative) and चन् (Aorist).
  52. 2.4.52 अस्तेर्भूः भू is the substitute of the verb अस् 'to be' when an आर्धधातुक affix is to be applied.
  53. 2.4.53 ब्रुवो वचिः वचि is the substitute of ब्रू 'to speak' when any आर्धधातुक affix is to be supplied.
  54. 2.4.54 चक्षिङः ख्याञ् ख्याञ् is the substitute of चक्षिङ् 'to perceive, to tell', when any आर्धधातुक affix is to be applied.
  55. 2.4.55 वा लिटि ख्याञ् is optionally the substitute of चक्षिङ् when लिट् (Perfect Tense) follows.
  56. 2.4.56 अजेर्व्यघञपोः वी is the substitute of the verb अज् 'to drive', 'to lead', when an आर्धधातुक affix follows, with the exception of the affixes घञ् -- भावे (3.3.18) and अप् -- समुदोरजः पशुषु (3.3.69).
  57. 2.4.57 वा यौ वी is optionally the substitute of अज् when the affix -- अनद्यतने लुट् (3.3.15) etc. follows.
  58. 2.4.58 ण्यक्षत्रियार्षञितो यूनि लुगणिञोः After a word ending with the गोत्र affix ण्य -- कुर्वादिभ्यो ण्यः (4.1.151) and after a गोत्र word denoting the descendant of a क्षत्रिय or a ऋषि 'seer' and after a word ending with a गोत्र affix having an indicatory ञ् , the affix ञ् , the affix अण् and इञ् employed in the forming युवन् -- जीवति तु वंश्ये युवा (4.1.163), descendants, are elided by the substitution of लुक्.
  59. 2.4.59 पैलादिभ्यश्च And after the words पैल etc. there is the लुक् elision of the युवन् affix.
  60. 2.4.60 इञः प्राचाम् After a word ending in the गोत्र affix -- (4.1.95), there is elision of लुक् of the युवन् affix, when the गोत्र of the people called प्राच्य 'Eastern' is denoted.
  61. 2.4.61 न तौल्वलिभ्यः After the words तौल्वलि and the rest, there is no लुक् elision of the युवन् affix.
  62. 2.4.62 तद्राजस्य बहुषु तेनैवास्त्रियाम् There is लुक् elision of तद्राज -- ते तद्राजाः (4.1.174), affix, when the word is used in the plural number, provided that the plural number is taken by the base itself and not by its standing as a compound epithet dependent upon another word and provided that the base is not used in the feminine.
  63. 2.4.63 यस्कादिभ्यो गोत्रे After the word यस्क etc. there is the लुक् elision of the गोत्र affix when the word of itself and not as part of a compound epithet dependent on another word, takes the plural; but not in the feminine.
  64. 2.4.64 यञञोश्च And there is लुक् elision of the गोत्र affix यञ् -- गर्गादिभ्यो यञ् (4.1.105) and अञ् -- अनृष्यानन्तर्ये बिदादिभ्योऽञ् (4.1.104), when the word of itself and not as part of a compound epithet dependent on another, takes the plural, but not in the feminine.
  65. 2.4.65 अत्रिभृगुकुत्सवसिष्ठगोतमाङ्गिरोभ्यश्च After the words अत्रि , भृगु , कुत्स , वशिष्ठ , गोतम , अङ्गिरस , there is elision of the गोत्र affix, when the word takes the plural, but not in the feminine.
  66. 2.4.66 बह्वचः इञः प्राच्यभरतेषु And there is लुक् elision of the गोत्र affix इञ् -- गोत्राद्यून्यस्त्रियाम् (4.1.95) after a word containing many vowels (a poly-syllabic word) which denotes the गोत्र of the people called प्राच्य and भरत when the word takes the plural.
  67. 2.4.67 न गोपवनादिभ्यः After the words गोपवन etc. there is not लुक् elision of the गोत्र affix, when the word takes the plural.
  68. 2.4.68 तिककितवादिभ्यो द्वन्द्वे After the words तिक , कितब etc. when used as द्वन्द compound, there is the लुक् elision of the गोत्र affixes when the compound word takes the plural.
  69. 2.4.69 उपकादिभ्योऽन्यतरस्यामद्वन्द्वे After the words उपक etc. there is optionally लुक् elision of the गोत्र affix when the words take the plural whether they enter into द्वन्द compound or are used separately.
  70. 2.4.70 आगस्त्यकौण्डिन्ययोरगस्तिकुण्डिनच् There is लुक् elision of the गोत्र affixes अण् and यञ् of the words अगस्त्य , and कौणडिन्य , when they take the plural and the words अगस्ति and कण्डिनच् are the substitutes of the bases so remaining after the elision.
  71. 2.4.71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः A सुप् प्रत्यय that comes as a part of a धातु or a प्रातिपदिक is removed.
  72. 2.4.72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः After the verb अद् 'to eat' and the rest there is लुक् elision of the विकरण शप् -- कर्तरि शप् (3.1.68).
  73. 2.4.73 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) there is diversely the लुक् elision of the विकरण शप् -- कर्तरि शप् (3.1.68).
  74. 2.4.74 यङोऽचि च And there is diversely the लुक् elision of यङ् -- धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् (3.1.22), when the affix अच् -- नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः (3.1.134), follows.
  75. 2.4.75 जुहोत्यादिभ्यः श्लुः After the verbs हू 'to sacrifice' and others there is श्लु elision of the विकरण शप् -- कर्तरि शप् (3.1.68).
  76. 2.4.76 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) there is elision of the शप् diversely.
  77. 2.4.77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु For the verb roots गा, स्था, पा, भू and the verb roots referred as 'घु', the सिच्-विकरण is removed when followed by the प्रत्यय of परस्मैपद.
  78. 2.4.78 विभाषा घ्राधेट्शाच्छासः For the verbs घ्रा, धेट्, शो, छो and सो, the सिच्-प्रत्यय is removed optionally when followed by a प्रत्यय of परस्मैपद.
  79. 2.4.79 तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः After the verbs तन् 'to expand' and others there is optionally the लुक् elision of सिच् when the आत्मनेपद affixes त and थास् of the 2nd Person follow.
  80. 2.4.80 मन्त्रे घसह्वरणशवृदहाद्वृच्कृगमिजनिभ्यो लेः In the मन्त्र portion of the Vedas there is लुक् elision of the sign of the Aorist (& लिट् -Perfect Tense) after the verbs घस् 'to eat', हूर् 'to be crooked', णश् 'to destroy', वृ 'to choose, to cover', दह् 'to burn', verbs ending in long आ , वृच् 'to avoid', कृ 'to make', गमि 'to go' and जनि 'to be produced'.
  81. 2.4.81 आमः The लकार that follows the 'आम्' प्रत्यय is removed.
  82. 2.4.82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः The आप्-प्रत्ययाः and the सुप्-प्रत्ययाः attached to an अव्यय are removed by doing a लुक्.
  83. 2.4.83 नाव्ययीभावादतोऽम्त्वपञ्चम्याः There is not लुक् elision of the case-affix after an अव्ययीभाव compound that ends in आ ; आम् is the substitute of its case-affix es, but not when it is the 5th case-affix.
  84. 2.4.84 तृतीयासप्तम्योर्बहुलम् The change to अम् of the Instrumental -3rd case and Locative -7th-case-affixes coming after an अव्ययीभाव compound that ends in अ , occurs diversely.
  85. 2.4.85 लुटः प्रथमस्य डारौरसः The प्रथमपुरुष प्रत्ययाः of लुट्-लकार are converted respectively to डा, रौ and रस्.

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