Aṣṭādhyāyī Explorer अष्टाध्यायी

Adhyāya 8 of 8 · 369 sūtras

अष्टमः अध्यायः Words in the sentence, then the Tripādī

Tripādī (final phonology) · Pāda 1 repeats words and fixes the accent of words in a sentence. From 8.2.1 pūrvatrāsiddham the last three pādas form the Tripādī: each of its rules is treated as not applied (asiddha) by all earlier rules, and by earlier rules within it. This is where final-consonant changes, rutva/visarga, retroflexion (ṣ, ṇ) and assimilation happen.

Headings: 8.1.16 पदस्य → 8.3.54; 8.2.1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् → 8.4.68

  1. 8.1 Repetition; accent in the sentence
  2. 8.2 Tripādī begins: final consonants
  3. 8.3 Visarga, anusvāra, s → ṣ
  4. 8.4 n → ṇ; assimilation; last rule
See adhyāya 8 on the structure map →

Pāda 8.1 Repetition; accent in the sentence

Doubling of words (8.1.1, e.g. for "every" 8.1.4); 8.1.16 padasya heads the word-level rules to 8.3.54; accent of words in a sentence, e.g. a finite verb loses its accent after a non-verb (8.1.28). map →

  1. 8.1.1 सर्वस्य द्वे In the contexts that will henceforth be told till the sutra पदस्य (8.1.16), the participating words will get duplicated. adhikāra
  2. 8.1.2 तस्य परमाम्रेडितम् When a word gets replicated in the 'सर्वस्य द्वे' अधिकार, the second occurrence is known as आम्रेडित. saṃjñā
  3. 8.1.3 अनुदात्तं च That which is called अम्रेडित (repeated) is gravely accented.
  4. 8.1.4 नित्यवीप्सयोः The whole word is अम्रेडित (repeated) when the sense is of 'always' and 'each'.
  5. 8.1.5 परेर्वर्जने The word परि is repeated when used in the sense of 'with the exception or exclusion of''.
  6. 8.1.6 प्रसमुपोदः पादपूरणे 1. प्र 2. सम् 3. उ and 4. उत् are repeated when by so doubling, the foot of a verse is completed.
  7. 8.1.7 उपर्यध्यधसः सामीप्ये 1. उपरि 2. अधि and 3. अधस् are repeated when it expresses uninterrupted nearness.
  8. 8.1.8 वाक्यादेरामन्त्रितस्यासूयासम्मतिकोपकुत्सनभर्त्सनेषु A Vocative, at the beginning of a sentence, is repeated, when envy, praise, anger, blame, or threat is meant by the speaker.
  9. 8.1.9 एकं बहुव्रीहिवत् When एक is repeated, it is treated like a member of a बहुव्रीहि समास . atideśa
  10. 8.1.10 आबाधे च A word is repeated and is treated like a member of a बहुव्रीहि समास when a mental distress over something is expressed.
  11. 8.1.11 कर्मधारयवत् उत्तरेषु In the following rules, the double-word is treated like a कर्मधारय समास . atideśa
  12. 8.1.12 प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य An adjective is repeated, when it is meant to express that the said attribute belongs to a thing only to a limited degree and the double word is treated like a कर्मधारय समास .
  13. 8.1.13 अकृच्छ्रे प्रियसुखयोरन्यतरस्याम् The words प्रिय and सुख are repeated optionally when they mean 'easily, without any difficulty'.
  14. 8.1.14 यथास्वे यथायथम् The word यथायथम् is irregularly formed in the sense of 'respectively, fitly, properly'.
  15. 8.1.15 द्वन्द्वं रहस्यमर्यादावचनव्युत्क्रमणयज्ञपात्रप्रयोगाभिव्यक्तिषु The word द्वन्द्वम् is irregularly formed in the sense of 'secret' and when it expresses a 'limit', 'a separation', 'employing in a sacrificial vessel' and 'manifestation'.
  16. 8.1.16 पदस्य Up to इडाया वा (8.3.54), inclusive, should be always supplied in every subsequent sūtra the phrase 'of a word' or 'to the whole of a word'. adhikāra
  17. 8.1.17 पदात् Up to सगतिरपि तिङ् (8.1.68), inclusive, should always be supplied the phrase 'after a पद'. adhikāra
  18. 8.1.18 अनुदात्तं सर्वमपादादौ Up to (सामान्यवचनं) विभाषितं विशेषवचने (बहुवचनम्) (8.1.74), inclusive, should always be supplied the phrase 'the whole is unaccented, if it does not stand at the beginning of the foot of a verse'. adhikāra
  19. 8.1.19 आमन्त्रितस्य च All the syllables of the Vocative Case are unaccented when a word precedes them and they do not stand at the beginning of a hemistich.
  20. 8.1.20 युष्मदस्मदोः षष्ठीचतुर्थीद्वितीयास्थयोर्वान्नावौ dual of युष्मद् and अस्मद् are substituted वाम and नौ respectively .
  21. 8.1.21 बहुवचनस्य वस्नसौ For (the Genitive 6th-Case, Dative -4th Case and Accusative -2nd case) plural of युष्मद् and अस्मद् are substituted वस् and नस् respectively (when a word precedes and these substitutes are अनुदात्त).
  22. 8.1.22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य For the Genitive 6th-Case and Dative -4th Case singular (of युष्मद् and अस्मद् are substituted) ते and मे respectively (when a word precedes and these substitutes are अनुदात्त).
  23. 8.1.23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः For the Accusative -2nd case singular of युष्मद् and अस्मद् are substituted त्वा and मा respectively (when a word precedes and these substitutes are अनुदात्त).
  24. 8.1.24 न चवाहाहैवयुक्ते when there is in connection with the सर्वनाम any of these - 1. च 'and' 2. वा 'or' 3. ह 'Oh!' 4. अह 'wonderful' or 5. एव 'only'.
  25. 8.1.25 पश्यार्थैश्चानालोचने The above substitutions do not take place also in connection with verbs having the sense of 'seeing' when physical seeing is not denoted.
  26. 8.1.26 सपूर्वायाः प्रथमाया विभाषा When the सर्वनाम follows a Nominative 1st-Case, which itself is preceded by another word, then the above substitutions may take place optionally.
  27. 8.1.27 तिङो गोत्रादीनि कुत्सनाभीक्ष्ण्ययोः The words गोत्र etc. become unaccented after a finite verb when a contempt or a repetition in intended.
  28. 8.1.28 तिङ्ङतिङः A finite verb is unaccented when a word precedes it which is not a finite verb.
  29. 8.1.29 न लुट् By the लुट् (Periphrastic Future) is not unaccented when it is preceded by a word which is not a finite verb.
  30. 8.1.30 निपातैर्यद्यदिहन्तकुविन्नेच्चेच्चण्कच्चिद्यत्रयुक्तम् The finite verb retains its accent in connection with the particles 1. यत् 'that', 'because' 2. यदि 'if' 3. हन्त 'also', 'O!' 4. कुवित् 'well' 5. नेत् 'not' 6. चेत् 'if' 7. च 'if' 8. कच्चित् (interrogative particle implying 'I hope' or 'I hope not') and 9. यत्र 'where'.
  31. 8.1.31 नह प्रत्यारम्भे The finite verb retains its accent in connection with नह when used in the sense of forbidding.
  32. 8.1.32 सत्यं प्रश्ने The finite verb retains its accent in connection with सत्य when used in asking a question.
  33. 8.1.33 अङ्गाप्रातिलोम्ये The finite verb retains its accent in connection with अङ्ग when used in a friendly assertion.
  34. 8.1.34 हि च The finite verb retains its accent in connection with हि when used in a friendly assertion.
  35. 8.1.35 छन्दस्यनेकमपि साकाङ्क्षम् In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the finite verb retains its accent (but not always) in connection with हि when it stands in correlation to another verb, even more than one.
  36. 8.1.36 यावद्यथाभ्याम् The finite verb retains its accent in connection with यावत् and यथा.
  37. 8.1.37 पूजायां नानन्तरम् But not so when these particles यावत् and यथा immediately precede the verb an denote 'praise'.
  38. 8.1.38 उपसर्गव्यपेतं च A finite verb loses its accent when it denotes 'praise' and is joined immediately with यावत् and यथा through the intervention of an उपसर्ग (verbal Preposition).
  39. 8.1.39 तुपश्यपश्यताहैः पूजायाम् The finite verb retains its accent in connection with 1. तु 2. पश्य 3. पश्यत and 4. अह when meaning 'praise'.
  40. 8.1.40 अहो च The finite verb retains its accent in connection with अहो when meaning 'praise'.
  41. 8.1.41 शेषे विभाषा The finite verb optionally retains its accent in connection with अहो in the remaining cases (i.e. where it does not mean 'praise').
  42. 8.1.42 पुरा च परीप्सायाम् The finite verb optionally retains its accent in connection with पुरा when it means 'haste' (i.e. when पुरा means 'before').
  43. 8.1.43 नन्वित्यनुज्ञैषणायाम् The finite verb optionally retains its accent in connection with ननु when with this particle, permission is asked.
  44. 8.1.44 किं क्रियाप्रश्नेऽनुपसर्गमप्रतिषिद्धम् The finite verb optionally retains its accent in connection with किम् when with this is asked a question relating to an action and when the verb is not preceded by a preposition or a negation.
  45. 8.1.45 लोपे विभाषा When however किम् is not added in asking such a question, the finite verb may optionally retain its accent.
  46. 8.1.46 एहिमन्ये प्रहासे लृट् In connection with एहिमन्ये used diversely in the लृट् (I Future) that follows it, retains its accent.
  47. 8.1.47 जात्वपूर्वम् The finite verb optionally retains its accent after जातु when this जातु is not preceded by another word.
  48. 8.1.48 किम्वृत्तं च चिदुत्तरम् Also after a form of किम् when the particle चित् follows it and when no other word precedes such form of किम् the finite verb retains its accent.
  49. 8.1.49 आहो उताहो चानन्तरम् Also after an immediately preceding आहो and उताहो when these follow, no other word, the verb retains its accent.
  50. 8.1.50 शेषे विभाषा When the above mentioned particles आहो and उताहो do not immediately precede the verb, the verb may optionally retain its accent.
  51. 8.1.51 गत्यर्थलोटा लृण्न चेत् कारकं सर्वान्यत् The लृट् (I Future) retains its accent in connection with the Imperative of a verb denoting 'motion' ('to go', 'to come', 'to start' etc.) but only in that case, when the subject and object of both the verbs are not wholly different one from another.
  52. 8.1.52 लोट् च Also an लोट् (Imperative Mood), following after an Imperative of verbs of 'motion' retains its accent when the subject or object of both the verbs is not wholly different.
  53. 8.1.53 विभाषितं सोपसर्गमनुत्तमम् An Imperative preceded by a preposition and not in the 1st person, following an Imperative of verbs of 'motion', may optionally retain its accent when the कारक is not wholly different.
  54. 8.1.54 हन्त च An Imperative with a preposition preceding it, may optionally retain its accent, in connection with हन्त , but not in the 1st person.
  55. 8.1.55 आम एकान्तरमामन्त्रितमनन्तिके After आम् , but separated from it by not more than one word, the Vocative retains its accent when the person addressed is not near.
  56. 8.1.56 यद्धितुपरं छन्दसि A finite verb followed by यत् or हि or तु retains its accent in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  57. 8.1.57 चनचिदिवगोत्रादितद्धिताम्रेडितेष्वगतेः A finite verb retains its accent when it is not preceded by a गति Particle -- गतिश्च (1.4.60) etc., and when it is followed by 1. चन 2. चिद् 3. इव 4. गोत्र etc., a तद्धित affix, or by its own doubled form.
  58. 8.1.58 चादिषु च A finite verb, not preceded by a गति , retains its accent before the particles च (1. वा 2. ह 3. अह and 4. एव -- न चवाहाहैवयुक्ते (8.1.24)).
  59. 8.1.59 चवायोगे प्रथमा The first finite verb only retains its accent in connection with च and वा.
  60. 8.1.60 हेति क्षियायाम् In connection with ह , the first finite verb retains its accent when an offence against custom is reprimanded.
  61. 8.1.61 अहेति विनियोगे च In connection with अह , the first finite verb retains its accent when it refers to various commissions (as well as when a breach of good manners is condemned).
  62. 8.1.62 चाहलोप एवेत्यवधारणम् When च and अह are elided, the first finite verb still retains its accent when एव with the force of limitation, takes their place.
  63. 8.1.63 चादिलोपे विभाषा When च (1. वा 2. ह 3. अह and 4. एव -- न चवाहाहैवयुक्ते (8.1.24)) are elided the first verb optionally retains its accent.
  64. 8.1.64 वैवावेति च च्छन्दसि Also in connection with वै and वाव , may optionally, in the छन्दस् (Vedas), the first verb retains its accent.
  65. 8.1.65 एकान्याभ्यां समर्थाभ्याम् Also in connection with एक and अन्य , optionally in the छन्दस् (Vedas), the first verb retains its accent, when these word have the same meaning ('the one - the other').
  66. 8.1.66 यद्वृत्तान्नित्यम् In connection with यद् in all its forms, the verb retains its accent always.
  67. 8.1.67 पूजनात् पूजितमनुदात्तं काष्ठादिभ्यः After a word denoting praise belonging to काष्ठादि class the word whose praise is denoted, becomes अनुदात्त .
  68. 8.1.68 सगतिरपि तिङ् (After such words denoting praise) the finite verb (which is praised) becomes अनुदात्त even along with the गति , if any, that may precede it.
  69. 8.1.69 कुत्सने च सुप्यगोत्रादौ A finite verb along with its preceding गति , if any, become अनुदात्त when a noun denoting the fault of the action follows, with the exception of गोत्र etc.
  70. 8.1.70 गतिर्गतौ A गति becomes unaccented when followed by another गति .
  71. 8.1.71 तिङि चोदात्तवति A गति becomes अनुदात्त when followed by an accented finite verb.
  72. 8.1.72 आमन्त्रितं पूर्वमविद्यमानवत् A preceding Vocative is considered as non-existent (for the purposes of the accent of the following word and the enclitic forms of युष्मद् and अस्मद्). atideśa
  73. 8.1.73 नामन्त्रिते समानाधिकरणे सामान्यवचनम् A preceding Vocative, when it conveys a general idea, is not to be considered as if non-existent for the purposes of the subsequent Vocative, which stands in apposition with the former.
  74. 8.1.74 विभाषितं विशेषवचने बहुवचनम् When the preceding Vocative is in the plural number, it is optionally considered as non-existent, if the subsequent Vocative, in apposition with it, is a specific term.

Pāda 8.2 Tripādī begins: final consonants

8.2.1 pūrvatrāsiddham. Deletion of final n of a stem (8.2.7) and of the last of a final cluster (8.2.23); c/j → k/g (8.2.30); voiced finals (8.2.39); niṣṭhā t → n (8.2.42); s → ru (8.2.66); pluta vowels (8.2.82ff). map →

  1. 8.2.1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् The rules defined in त्रिपादी are non existent with-respect-to the rules of सपादसप्ताध्यायी. Even within त्रिपादी, the later rules are non existent with-respect-to the former rules. adhikāra
  2. 8.2.2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति The नकारलोप given by 'न लोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य' is असिद्ध only with reference to (1) सुप्-विधि, (2) स्वरविधि, (3) संज्ञाविधि, and (4) तुगागम caused by a कृत्-प्रत्यय.
  3. 8.2.3 न मु ने The मु आदेश is not considered असिद्ध while and after doing the 'ना' आदेश.
  4. 8.2.4 उदात्तस्वरितयोर्यणः स्वरितोऽनुदात्तस्य A स्वरित vowel is the substitute of an अनुदात्त vowel when the latter follows after such a semi-vowel which has replaced an उदात्त (acute accent) or a स्वरित vowel.
  5. 8.2.5 एकादेश उदात्तेनोदात्तः The single substitute of an unaccented with an उदात्त (acute accent) vowel is उदात्त.
  6. 8.2.6 स्वरितो वाऽनुदात्ते पदादौ The single substitute of an unaccented vowel standing at the beginning of a word, with an उदात्त (acute accent) vowel may optionally be a स्वरित or उदात्त (acute accent).
  7. 8.2.7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य The terminal न् letter of a प्रातिपदिक is omitted if the प्रातिपदिक also gets the पदसंंज्ञा.
  8. 8.2.8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः For a प्रातिपदिक that also gets the पदसंंज्ञा, the terminal न् letter is not omitted in presence of the ङि or सम्बुद्धि प्रत्यय.
  9. 8.2.9 मादुपधायाश्च मतोर्वोऽयवादिभ्यः For the म् of the affix मत् is substituted व if the अङ्ग (stem) ends in म् or अ ( and आ) or if these are in the penultimate position; but not after यव etc.
  10. 8.2.10 झयः The व् is substituted for the म् of मत् after a अङ्ग (stem) ending in a mute consonant.
  11. 8.2.11 संज्ञायाम् The व् is substituted for the म् of मत् when the word so formed is a Name.
  12. 8.2.12 आसन्दीवदष्ठीवच्चक्रीवत्कक्षीवद्रुमण्वच्चर्मण्वती The following names are irregularly formed 1. आसन्दीवत् 2. अष्ठीवत् 3. चक्रीवत् 4. कक्षीवत् 5. रुमण्वत् and 6. चर्मण्वती। (Reference श्लोक - आसन्दीवति धान्यादं रुक्मिणं हरितस्रजम्। अश्वं बबन्ध सारङ्गं देवेभ्यो अनमेजयः।)
  13. 8.2.13 उदन्वानुदधौ च The word उदन्वान् is irregularly formed in the sense of 'a sea'.
  14. 8.2.14 राजन्वान् सौराज्ये Also राजन्वान् when the sense is of a good government.
  15. 8.2.15 छन्दसीरः In the छन्दस् (Vedas) व् is substituted for the म् of मत् after a अङ्ग (stem) ending in इ (or ई) or र्.
  16. 8.2.16 अनो नुट् The affix मत् gets the augment नुट् in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after a अङ्ग (stem) ending in अन्.
  17. 8.2.17 नाद्घस्य In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the affixes तर and तम get the augment नुट् after a stem in न्.
  18. 8.2.18 कृपो रो लः For the र् of the root कृप् there is substituted ल्.
  19. 8.2.19 उपसर्गस्यायतौ ल् is substituted for the र् of a preposition when अयते follows.
  20. 8.2.20 ग्रो यङि ल् is substituted for the र् of गॄ in the intensive.
  21. 8.2.21 अचि विभाषा र् is optionally changed to ल् before an affix beginning with a vowel.
  22. 8.2.22 परेश्च घाङ्कयोः The र् of परि is changed to ल् before घ and अङ्क.
  23. 8.2.23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः The last letter of a पद that ends in a संयोग is removed.
  24. 8.2.24 रात्सस्य For a संयोग occurring at end of a पद which contains रेफ as the first letter, the last letter is deleted only if it is a सकार and not otherwise.
  25. 8.2.25 धि च The स् is elided before an affix beginning with ध.
  26. 8.2.26 झलो झलि The स् is elided when it is preceded by a झल् consonant (all consonant except semi-vowels and nasals) and is followed by an affix beginning with a झल् consonant.
  27. 8.2.27 ह्रस्वादङ्गात् The स् is elided before an affix beginning with झल् consonant (all consonant except semi-vowels and nasals) when it is preceded by a अङ्ग (stem) ending in a short vowel.
  28. 8.2.28 इट ईटि The स् is elided after the augment इट् if after this स् the augment ईट् follows.
  29. 8.2.29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च If there is a संयोगः at end of a पद, or if there is a संयोगः which is followed by a झल्-वर्ण, and if the first letter of that संयोगः is either स् or क् , then this letter is deleted.
  30. 8.2.30 चोः कुः A चवर्गीय letter which occurs at the end of a पद or before झल् letter is converted to the corresponding कवर्गीय letter.
  31. 8.2.31 हो ढः A हकार is converted to a ढकार at पदान्त or when followed by a झल् letter.
  32. 8.2.32 दादेर्धातोर्घः A हकार occurring at end of a दकारादि-धातु is converted to a घकार at पदान्त or when followed by a झल् letter.
  33. 8.2.33 वा द्रुहमुहष्णुहष्णिहाम् A हकार occurring at end of verbs द्रुहँ, मुहँ, ष्णुहँ and ष्णिहँ at पदान्त or when followed by a झल् letter is converted optionally to a घकार.
  34. 8.2.34 नहो धः The हकार for the verb नह् is converted to धकार at पदान्त or when followed by a झल् letter.
  35. 8.2.35 आहस्थः The हकार of 'आह्' is converted to थकार when followed by a झल् letter.
  36. 8.2.36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः The laster letter of the word व्रश्च्, भ्रस्ज्, सृज्, मृज्, यज्, राज्, भ्राज् and शकारान्त / च्छकारान्त words gets षकारादेश at पदान्त, or when झल् letter is in front.
  37. 8.2.37 एकाचो बशो भष् झषन्तस्य स्ध्वोः A बश्-वर्ण of an एकाच् and झषन्त part of a verb is converted to a भष् वर्ण - (1) in presence of a सकार, (2) in presence of a the word ध्व, or (3) at end of a पद
  38. 8.2.38 दधस्तथोश्च The बश्-letter of the the झषन्त-एकाच्-अवयव present in the 'दध्' form of the verb root 'धा' is converted to a corresponding भष् letter when followed by तकार, थकार, सकार, or the word ध्व.
  39. 8.2.39 झलां जशोऽन्ते A झल् letter occurring at end of a पद is converted to the corresponding जश् letter.
  40. 8.2.40 झषस्तथोर्धोऽधः The तकार and थकार that follows a झष् letter is converted to धकार. But this conversion does not happen for the verb root 'धा'.
  41. 8.2.41 षढोः कः सि षकार and ढकार not occurring at end of a पद are converted to ककार when followed by सकार.
  42. 8.2.42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः After र and द for the त of the Participial suffix त and तवत् there is substituted न and the same substitution takes place also for the preceding द.
  43. 8.2.43 संयोगादेरातो धातोर्यण्वतः For the त of the निष्ठा there is substituted न after a root ending in आ and commencing with a conjunct consonant, if the latter contains a semi-vowel.
  44. 8.2.44 ल्वादिभ्यः For the त of the निष्ठा there is substituted न after the roots लू and those that follow it.
  45. 8.2.45 ओदितश्च For the त of the निष्ठा there is substituted न after a root which has an indicatory ओ in the धातुपाठ.
  46. 8.2.46 क्षियो दीर्घात् For the त of the निष्ठा there is substituted न after क्षि when the root-vowel is lengthened.
  47. 8.2.47 श्योऽस्पर्शे The निष्ठा त is changed to न after श्यै but not when the participle denotes 'cold'.
  48. 8.2.48 अञ्चोऽनपादाने The निष्ठा त is changed to न after अञ्च् but not when it is in connection with an Ablative -5th case.
  49. 8.2.49 दिवोऽविजिगीषायाम् The निष्ठा त is changed to न after दिव् when the sense is not that of 'play'.
  50. 8.2.50 निर्वाणोऽवाते The word निर्वाण is irregularly formed by changing the निष्ठा त is changed to न when the sense is not that of 'wind'.
  51. 8.2.51 शुषः कः क is substituted for the निष्ठा त after the root शुष्.
  52. 8.2.52 पचो वः व is substituted for the निष्ठा त after the root पच् 'to cook' .
  53. 8.2.53 क्षायो मः म is substituted for the निष्ठा त after the root क्षै.
  54. 8.2.54 प्रस्त्योऽन्यतरस्याम् म is optionally substituted for the निष्ठा त after the root स्तयै preceded by प्र.
  55. 8.2.55 अनुपसर्गात् फुल्लक्षीबकृशोल्लाघाः The irregular participles 1. फुल्ल 2. क्षीब 3. कृश and 4. उल्लाघ are formed then only, when no preposition precedes them.
  56. 8.2.56 नुदविदोन्दत्राघ्राह्रीभ्योऽन्यतरस्याम् The निष्ठा त is optionally changed to न after 1. नुद 2. विद 3. उन्द 4. त्रा 5. घ्रा and 6. ह्री.
  57. 8.2.57 न ध्याख्यापॄमूर्छिमदाम् The निष्ठा त is not changed to न after 1. ध्या 2. ख्या 3. पॄ 4. मूर्छि and 5. मद.
  58. 8.2.58 वित्तो भोगप्रत्यययोः The irregularly formed participle वित्त denotes 'possessions' and 'renowned'.
  59. 8.2.59 भित्तं शकलम् The word भित्त is irregularly formed in the sense of 'a fragment, a portion'.
  60. 8.2.60 ऋणमाधमर्ण्ये The word ऋण is irregularly formed in the sense of 'debt.
  61. 8.2.61 नसत्तनिषत्तानुत्तप्रतूर्तसूर्तगूर्तानि छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) we have the following irregular participles - 1. नसत्त 2. निषत्त 3. अनुत्त 4. प्रतूर्त 5. सूर्त्त and 6. गूर्त्त.
  62. 8.2.62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः The word ending in a क्विन्-प्रत्यय gets a कवर्गादेश at पदान्त .
  63. 8.2.63 नशेर्वा The word नश् undergoes an optional कुत्वम् at पदान्त.
  64. 8.2.64 मो नो धातोः A मकार occurring at end of a धातु which in turn occurs at end of a पद is converted to नकार.
  65. 8.2.65 म्वोश्च न is substituted for the म of a root before the affixes beginning with म and व.
  66. 8.2.66 ससजुषो रुः The सकार at end of a पद, and the षकार at end of the सजुष् पद get a रुँ-आदेश .
  67. 8.2.67 अवयाःश्वेतवाःपुरोडाश्च The words अवयाः, श्वेतवाः, पुरोडाः are considered derived.
  68. 8.2.68 अहन् The word अहन् gets रुँत्व at पदान्त.
  69. 8.2.69 रोऽसुपि The word अहन् gets रेफादेश at पदान्त, except when followed by a सुप्-प्रत्यय.
  70. 8.2.70 अम्नरूधरवरित्युभयथा छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas), both रु and र् are substituted for the final 1. अमनस् 2. ऊधस् and 3. अवस्.
  71. 8.2.71 भुवश्च महाव्याहृतेः In the छन्दस् (Vedas), both रु and र् may replace the final of the word भुवस् when used as a महाव्याहृति.
  72. 8.2.72 वसुस्रंसुध्वंस्वनडुहां दः The सकारान्त वसुँ-प्रत्ययान्तशब्द, स्रंसु-शब्द, ध्वंसु-शब्द and अनडुह्-शब्द get a दकारादेशः at पदान्त.
  73. 8.2.73 तिप्यनस्तेः द is substituted for the final स् of a root with the exception of अस् 'to be' , before the personal ending ति (त्) when it stands at the end of a word.
  74. 8.2.74 सिपि धातो रुर्वा द् or रु may optionally be substituted for the स् of a root, , before the personal ending सि (स्) when such स् stands at the end of a word.
  75. 8.2.75 दश्च द् or रु may optionally be substituted for the द् of a root, , before the personal ending सि (स्) when such द् stands at the end of a word.
  76. 8.2.76 र्वोरुपधाया दीर्घ इकः The उपधा letter of a रेफान्त or a वकारान्त पद which also has a धातुसंज्ञा becomes दीर्घ if that letter belongs to the इक् प्रत्याहार.
  77. 8.2.77 हलि च The उपधा letter of a रेफान्त or a वकारान्त धातु becomes दीर्घ if that letter belongs to the इक् प्रत्याहार and if the धातु is followed by a हल् letter.
  78. 8.2.78 उपधायां च When a धातु has (1) a हल्-letter at the end (2) a रेफ / वकार in the second-last position, and (3) an इक् letter in the third-last position, then the इक् letter undergoes a दीर्घादेश.
  79. 8.2.79 न भकुर्छुराम् The lengthening of a vowel does not take place under हलि च (8.2.77) when the nominal अङ्ग (stem) ending in र् or व् is called भ (i.e. when a य् follows) and also not in कुर् and छुर्.
  80. 8.2.80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः When the सर्वनाम अदस् does not end in स् then there is substituted उ or ऊ for the vowel after द् , and म् for द्.
  81. 8.2.81 एत ईद्बहुवचने For the ए coming after the द् of अदस् , there is substituted ई , and द् is changed to म् when plurality is to be expressed.
  82. 8.2.82 वाक्यस्य टेः प्लुत उदात्तः In the context of all the सूत्राणि till the end of this पाद, the टि-संज्ञक स्वर of the sentence would be considered प्लुत and उदात्त. adhikāra
  83. 8.2.83 प्रत्यभिवादेऽशूद्रे The टिसंज्ञक of the sentence which is used to answer a greeting, becomes प्लुत and उदात्त, provided that the sentence is not addressed to a शूद्र.
  84. 8.2.84 दूराद्धूते च The टिसंज्ञक स्वर of the sentence used for calling someone from a distance becomes प्लुत and उदात्त.
  85. 8.2.85 हैहेप्रयोगे हैहयोः If the words हे / है are used in a sentence that is used for calling someone from a distance, then the स्वर of the only हे / है becomes प्लुत and उदात्त.
  86. 8.2.86 गुरोरनृतोऽनन्त्यस्याप्येकैकस्य प्राचाम् For the words whose टि has been mandated to be प्लुत and उदात्त by the earlier sutras, all the other ऋकारभिन्न गुरु letters of that word can also take turns one by one to become प्लुत and उदात्त, according to the experts of the east.
  87. 8.2.87 ओमभ्यादाने The vowel in ओम् is प्लुत in the beginning of a sacred text.
  88. 8.2.88 ये यज्ञकर्मणि The vowel of ये becomes प्लुत in a sacred text when it is used in a sacrificial work.
  89. 8.2.89 प्रणवष्टेः In a sacrificial work ओ3म् is substituted for the final vowel with the consonant, if any, that may follow it, in a sentence.
  90. 8.2.90 याज्याऽन्तः The last vowel at the end of मन्त्र-s called याज्य , when used in sacrificial works is प्लुत and has the acute accent (उदात्त).
  91. 8.2.91 ब्रूहिप्रेष्यश्रौषड्वौषडावहानामादेः In a sacrificial work, the first syllable of 1. ब्रूहि 2. प्रेष्य 3. श्रौषट् and 4.आवह is प्लुत.
  92. 8.2.92 अग्नीत्प्रेषणे परस्य च In an order given to अग्नीध्र priest, the first syllable as well as the succeeding syllable is प्लुत.
  93. 8.2.93 विभाषा पृष्टप्रतिवचने हेः हि at the end of an answer to a question may optionally be प्लुत.
  94. 8.2.94 निगृह्यानुयोगे च The end syllable of that sentence is optionally प्लुत when it asserts something which has been refuted and is used by the victor by way of censure.
  95. 8.2.95 आम्रेडितं भर्त्सने The end syllable of an आम्रेडित Vocative Case is प्लुत when threat is expressed.
  96. 8.2.96 अङ्गयुक्तं तिङ् आकाङ्क्षम् The final syllable of a finite verb used as a threat becomes प्लुत when the word अङ्ग is joined with it and it demands another sentence to complete the conclusion.
  97. 8.2.97 विचार्यमाणानाम् The end syllable of those sentences is प्लुत which denote acts of reflection (or balancing between two alternatives).
  98. 8.2.98 पूर्वं तु भाषायाम् In the common speech, the end vowel of the first alternative is only प्लुत.
  99. 8.2.99 प्रतिश्रवणे च The end syllable of the sentence which expresses assent or promise or listening to, is प्लुत.
  100. 8.2.100 अनुदात्तं प्रश्नान्ताभिपूजितयोः The end vowel at the end of a question or of a praise is प्लुत, but unaccented.
  101. 8.2.101 चिदिति चोपमाऽर्थे प्रयुज्यमाने The end vowel at the end of a sentence becomes अनुदात्त and प्लुत when the particle चित् is used, denoting comparison.
  102. 8.2.102 उपरिस्विदासीदिति च In 1. उपरि 2. स्विद् and 3. आसीद् the end vowel is अनुदात्त and प्लुत.
  103. 8.2.103 स्वरितमाम्रेडितेऽसूयासम्मतिकोपकुत्सनेषु Of the two Vocatives of the same form standing at the beginning of a sentence, the end vowel of the first becomes प्लुत and स्वरित when envy, praise, anger or blame is expressed.
  104. 8.2.104 क्षियाऽऽशीःप्रैषेषु तिङ् आकाङ्क्षम् When an error against polite usage is censured or when a benediction or a bidding is intended, the end syllable of a finite verb becomes प्लुत and स्वरित , if this requires another sentence to complete the sense.
  105. 8.2.105 अनन्त्यस्यापि प्रश्नाख्यानयोः In a question or narration, the end vowel of a word, though not final in a sentence, becomes प्लुत and स्वरित , as well as the word which is final in a sentence.
  106. 8.2.106 प्लुतावैच इदुतौ In forming the प्लुत of the diphthongs s ए and ओ , their last element इ and उ get the प्लुत.
  107. 8.2.107 एचोऽप्रगृह्यस्यादूराद्धूते पूर्वस्यार्धस्यादुत्तरस्येदुतौ In the diphthongs which are not प्रगृह्य -- ईदूदेद्द्विवचनं प्रगृह्यम् (1.1.11) etc. and which become प्लुत under the circumstances mentioned in प्रत्यभिवादेशूद्रे (8.2.83) etc., but not when that circumstance is a call from a distance -- दूराद्धूते च (8.2.84); for the first half, there is substituted the prolated आ and for the second portion इ or उ.
  108. 8.2.108 तयोर्य्वावचि संहितायाम् For these vowels इ or उ are substituted य् and व् when a vowel follows them in a संहिता (in an unbroken flow of speech). adhikāra

Pāda 8.3 Visarga, anusvāra, s → ṣ

ru/r → visarga (8.3.15), final m → anusvāra (8.3.23), and the retroflex ṣ (8.3.55 heading; 8.3.59 after i/u etc.). map →

  1. 8.3.1 मतुवसो रु सम्बुद्धौ छन्दसि In the Vedic usages, the पद ending in मतुँप् or क्वसुँ प्रत्यय undergo रुँत्वम् in the formation of सम्बोधन-एकवचन form.
  2. 8.3.2 अत्रानुनासिकः पूर्वस्य तु वा For the रुँ generated using the rules from this रूत्वप्रकरण, the letter before this रुँ is optionally converted to an अनुनासिक. adhikāra
  3. 8.3.3 आतोऽटि नित्यम् In this रूत्वप्रकरण, The रुँ that gets constructed at end of a पद causes an अनुनासिक of the आकार just preceding it.
  4. 8.3.4 अनुनासिकात् परोऽनुस्वारः If the रुँ letter generated in this रूत्वप्रकरण does not cause the previous letter to get an अनुनासिक, then it will generate an अनुस्वार आगम just after that previous letter.
  5. 8.3.5 समः सुटि When followed by सुट् आगम, the मकार of सम् is converted to रुँ.
  6. 8.3.6 पुमः खय्यम्परे In the context of संहिता, when the word पुम् is followed by a letter from खय् प्रत्याहार which in turn is followed by a letter form अम् प्रत्याहार, the मकार of पुम् is converted to रुँ.
  7. 8.3.7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् In the context of संहिता, when a पदान्त नकार is followed by a letter from छव् प्रत्याहार, which in turn is followed by a letter from अम् प्रत्याहार, then the नकार is converted to रुँ. But this conversion does not happen for the word 'प्रशान्'.
  8. 8.3.8 उभयथर्क्षु In the context of संहिता and in the vedas, when a पदान्त नकार is followed by a letter from छव् प्रत्याहार, which in turn is followed by a letter from अम् प्रत्याहार, then the नकार is optionally converted to रुँ.
  9. 8.3.9 दीर्घादटि समानपादे In the context of वेदाः - If a पदान्त-नकार present after a दीर्घ स्वर is followed by a letter from the अट् प्रत्याहार in the same पाद, then the नकार is optionally converted to रुँ.
  10. 8.3.10 नॄन् पे In the context of संहिता, the ending नकार of the word नॄन् , when followed by पकार is optionally converted to रुँ.
  11. 8.3.11 स्वतवान् पायौ In the context of संहिता, when the word स्वतवान् is followed by the word पायु, the नकार of स्वतवान् is optionally converted to रुँ.
  12. 8.3.12 कानाम्रेडिते The नकार of 'कान्' is converted to रुँ when followed by an आम्रेडित.
  13. 8.3.13 ढो ढे लोपः A ढकार is removed when it is followed by another ढकार in the context of संहिता.
  14. 8.3.14 रो रि A रेफ is removed when it is followed by another रेफ in the context of संहिता.
  15. 8.3.15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः A र् present at end of a पद is converted to a विसर्ग when it is either followed by nothing, or when it is followed by a खर् letter in the context of संहिता.
  16. 8.3.16 रोः सुपि In presence of the सुप् प्रत्यय of सप्तमी-बहुवचन, a पदान्त र्-वर्ण is converted to a विसर्ग only if that र् is generated from रुँ, and not otherwise.
  17. 8.3.17 भोभगोअघोअपूर्वस्य योऽशि In the context of संहिता, A पदान्त रुँ that is present either at the end of भोस्/भगोस्/अघोस्, or after the letter अ/आ is converted to यकार when followed by a letter from the अश् प्रत्याहार.
  18. 8.3.18 व्योर्लघुप्रयत्नतरः शाकटायनस्य In the context of संहिता, according to शाकटायन, the पदान्त-वकार and पदान्त-यकार, when followed by a letter from अश्-प्रत्याहार are converted respectively to लघु-उच्चारण-वकार and लघु-उच्चारण-यकार.
  19. 8.3.19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य According to Shakalya, a वकार/यकार present at end of a पद and situated after अ/आ gets removed when it is followed by a letter from अश् प्रत्याहार in the context of संहिता.
  20. 8.3.20 ओतो गार्ग्यस्य Non-लघूच्चारण-यकार present at end of a पद and situated after the letter ओ gets removed when it is followed by a letter from अश् प्रत्याहार in the context of संहिता.
  21. 8.3.21 उञि च पदे A पदान्तयकार and a पदान्तवकार coming after an अकार is removed when followed by the पद उञ् in the context of संहिता.
  22. 8.3.22 हलि सर्वेषाम् In the context of संहिता, all the grammarians say that the normal यकार as well as the लघु-उच्चारण-यकार is removed when it is followed by a हल्-letter, provided that such a यकार occurs at end of a पद and comes after the letter अ , or if such a यकार occurs at the end of the words भोस्, भगोस्, or अघोस्.
  23. 8.3.23 मोऽनुस्वारः In the context of संहिता, the मकार at the end of a पद is converted to अनुस्वार when it is followed by a हल् वर्ण.
  24. 8.3.24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि In the context of संहिता, a मकार and a नकार which do not occur at the end of a पद are converted to अनुस्वार when followed by a झल् letter.
  25. 8.3.25 मो राजि समः क्वौ When the verb सम् + राज् gets the क्विप् pratyay, the म् of सम् is converted to म् itself.
  26. 8.3.26 हे मपरे वा In the context of संहिता, if a पदान्तमकार is followed by 'ह् + म्' then that पदान्तमकार is optionally converted to मकार.
  27. 8.3.27 नपरे नः In the context of संहिता, if a पदान्तमकार is followed by 'ह् + न्' then that पदान्तमकार is optionally converted to नकार.
  28. 8.3.28 ङ्णोः कुक्टुक् शरि In the context of संहिता, a ङकार and a णकार at end of a पद optionally get कुक् and टुक् आगम respectively.
  29. 8.3.29 डः सि धुट् In the context of संहिता, a सकार present after a पदान्त डकार optionally gets a धुट् आगम.
  30. 8.3.30 नश्च In the context of संहिता, a सकार present after a पदान्त नकार optionally gets a धुट् आगम.
  31. 8.3.31 शि तुक् In the context of संहिता, a नकार occurring at end of a पद optionally gets a तुगागम when followed by a शकार.
  32. 8.3.32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् In the context of संहिता, अ ङ्/ण्/न् letter occurring after a ह्रस्व स्वर causes a corresponding ङुट् / णुट् / नुट् आगम to an अच् letter following it.
  33. 8.3.33 मय उञो वो वा In the context of संहिता, when a letter of the मय् प्रत्याहार occurring at end of a पद is followed by word उञ् which in turn is followed by a स्वर, then the word उञ् is optionally converted to a वकार.
  34. 8.3.34 विसर्जनीयस्य सः A विसर्ग occurring at end of a पद is converted to a सकार when followed by a letter from the खर् प्रत्याहार.
  35. 8.3.35 शर्परे विसर्जनीयः A विसर्ग is converted to विसर्ग if it is followed by a खर् letter after which a शर् letter is present.
  36. 8.3.36 वा शरि When a विसर्ग is followed by a letter from the शर्प्रत्याहार, the विसर्ग optionally remains as विसर्ग.
  37. 8.3.37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च When a विसर्ग is followed by a ककार or a खकार, it is converted either to a जिह्वामूलीय or to a विसर्ग. When a विसर्ग is followed by a पकार or a फकार, it is converted either to a उपध्मानीय or to a विसर्ग.
  38. 8.3.38 सोऽपदादौ A पदान्त विसर्ग is converted to a सकार when it is followed by the प्रत्ययाः पाश्य, कल्प, क, काम्य.
  39. 8.3.39 इणः षः A पदान्त विसर्ग which comes after a letter from the इण् प्रत्याहार, and which is followed by प्रत्ययाः - पाश्य, कल्प, क, काम्य - is converted to a षकार.
  40. 8.3.40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः The विसर्ग of गतिसंज्ञक नमस् and पुरस् words is converted to सकार when followed by कवर्ग letter or a पवर्ग letter.
  41. 8.3.41 इदुदुपधस्य चाप्रत्ययस्य A विसर्ग present after an इकार or an उकार which is not made from a प्रत्यय is converted to ष in presence of a कवर्ग or a पवर्ग.
  42. 8.3.42 तिरसोऽन्यतरस्याम् The विसर्ग of the word तिरस् is optionally converted to सकार in presence of कवर्ग / पवर्ग letter.
  43. 8.3.43 द्विस्त्रिश्चतुरिति कृत्वोऽर्थे For the words द्विस् (= twice), त्रिस् (= thrice), and चतुर् = (four times) which are used to indicate frequency, their विसर्ग when followed by a letter from कवर्ग or पवर्ग is optionally converted to ष्.
  44. 8.3.44 इसुसोः सामर्थ्ये The विसर्ग of the इस्/उस्-प्रत्यय when followed by a letter from कवर्ग or पवर्ग is optionally converted to a षकार whenever the words involved in the सन्धि are associated with each other.
  45. 8.3.45 नित्यं समासेऽनुत्तरपदस्थस्य While doing a समास, the विसर्ग of the इस्/उस्-प्रत्यय when followed by a letter from कवर्ग or पवर्ग is always converted to a षकार whenever the words involved in the समास are associated with each other. However, if the पूर्वपद of this समास is a समास on its own, then the षत्व is completely prohibited.
  46. 8.3.46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य While doing a समास, if all the following conditions are met - 1. the पूर्वपद ends in a विसर्ग that follows an अकार, 2. the उत्तरपद is either a form of the verb 'कृ', or a form of the verb 'कमि' or is one of these words - कंस/कुम्भ/पात्र/कुशा/कर्णी 3. पू्र्वपद is not an अव्यय 4. पू्र्वपद is not a समास - then the विसर्ग of the पूर्वपद is converted to सकार.
  47. 8.3.47 अधःशिरसी पदे While doing a समास, if the पूर्वपद is either the word अधः or the word शिरः and if the the उत्तरपद the word पद, then then the विसर्ग of the पूर्वपद is converted to सकार. However, if the पूर्वपद is itself a समास, then this सकारादेश does not happen.
  48. 8.3.48 कस्कादिषु च For the words in the कस्कादिगण, the विसर्ग is to be converted to षकार / सकार as shown for each word.
  49. 8.3.49 छन्दसि वाऽप्राम्रेडितयोः स् may optionally be substituted for the विसर्ग before a hard guttural or a labial in the छन्दस् (Vedas); but neither before प्र , nor before a doubled word.
  50. 8.3.50 कःकरत्करतिकृधिकृतेष्वनदितेः The विसर्ग is changed to स् in the छन्दस् (Vedas) before 1. कः 2. करत् 3. करति 4. कृधि and 5. कृतः but not so in the विसर्ग of अदितिः.
  51. 8.3.51 पञ्चम्याः परावध्यर्थे The विसर्ग of the Ablative -5th case is changed to स् before परि meaning 'over'.
  52. 8.3.52 पातौ च बहुलम् स् may diversely be substituted for the विसर्ग of the Ablative -5th case before the verb पातु in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  53. 8.3.53 षष्ठ्याः पतिपुत्रपृष्ठपारपदपयस्पोषेषु For the विसर्ग of the Genitive 6th-Case there is substituted स् in the छन्दस् (Vedas) before 1. पति 2. पुत्र 3. पृष्ठ 4. पार 5. पद 6. पयस् and 7. पोष.
  54. 8.3.54 इडाया वा स् is optionally substituted for the विसर्ग of इडाया before पति etc. -- षष्ठ्याः पतिपुत्रपृष्ठपारपदपयस्पोषेषु (8.3.53), in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  55. 8.3.55 अपदान्तस्य मूर्धन्यः This is an अधिकार, which goes till the end of the पाद. For the स्थानी that does not occur at end of a पद, the closest 'मूर्धन्य' letter comes as the आदेश. adhikāra
  56. 8.3.56 सहेः साडः सः The अपदान्त-सकार present in the 'साड्' form of the verb सह् is converted to षकार.
  57. 8.3.57 इण्कोः This is an अधिकार, which goes till the end of the पाद. The कार्य designated in this अधिकार happens for a स्थानी that follows an इण् letter or a letter from कवर्ग. adhikāra
  58. 8.3.58 नुम्विसर्जनीयशर्व्यवायेऽपि The षकारादेश mandated in the इण्कोः अधिकार happens even when at most one of अनुस्वार/विसर्ग/शकार/षकार/सकार appears between the इण्/कुवर्ग वर्ण and the सकार.
  59. 8.3.59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः An अपदान्त सकार that was obtained either as an आदेश or through a प्रत्यय is converted to षकार when it follows a letter from इण्-प्रत्याहार or a कवर्ग.
  60. 8.3.60 शासिवसिघसीनां च The सकार of the verb roots शास्/वस्/घस् is converted to षकार when it follows a letter from the इण्-प्रत्याहार or the कवर्ग.
  61. 8.3.61 स्तौतिण्योरेव षण्यभ्यासात् ष् is substituted for the स् after इ or उ in the reduplication of a Desiderative, if the स् of सन् is changed to ष् but only in स्तु and in Causative of roots which in the धातुपाठ begin with ष्.
  62. 8.3.62 सः स्विदिस्वदिसहीनां च स is substituted for the स् after the reduplicate of षण् Desiderative of the Causatives of 1. स्विद् 2. स्वद् and 3. सह्.
  63. 8.3.63 प्राक्सितादड्व्यवायेऽपि (The substitution of ष् for स् to be taught hereafter, will take place) for all roots up to सित् exclusive in परिनिविभ्यः सेवसितसयसिवुसहसुट्स्तुस्वञ्जाम् (8.3.70), even when the augment अट् intervenes (between the स and the efficient letter).
  64. 8.3.64 स्थाऽऽदिष्वभ्यासेन चाभ्यासस्य In स्था etc. up to सित् exclusive -- उपसर्गात् सुनोतिसुवतिस्यतिस्तौतिस्तोभतिस्थासेनय सेधसिचसञ्जस्वञ्जाम् (8.3.65) to परिनिविभ्यः सेवसितसयसिवुसहसुट्स्तुस्वञ्जाम् (8.3.70), this substitution of ष् takes place then also, when the reduplicate intervenes and the स of the reduplicate is also changed to ष.
  65. 8.3.65 उपसर्गात् सुनोतिसुवतिस्यतिस्तौतिस्तोभतिस्थासेनयसेधसिचसञ्जस्वञ्जाम् ष् is substituted for स् after an इ and उ of an उपसर्ग (Preposition) in the following verbs - 1. सू (सुनोति) 2. सू (सवति) 3. सो (स्यति -- ओतः श्यनि (7.3.71)) 5. स्तु (स्तौति - उतो वृद्धिर्लुकि हलि (7.3.89)) 6. स्तुभ (स्तोभते) 7. स्था 8. सेनय (Denominative) 9. सिध् (सेधति) 10. सिच् 11. सञ्ज् and 12. स्वञ्ज्.
  66. 8.3.66 सदिरप्रतेः The स् of सद् is changed to ष after an उपसर्ग (Preposition) having an इ or उ , but not after प्रति.
  67. 8.3.67 स्तम्भेः having an इ or उ.
  68. 8.3.68 अवाच्चालम्बनाविदूर्ययोः The स् of स्तम्भ् is changed into to ष after the उपसर्ग (Preposition) अव in the sense of 'support' and 'contiguity'.
  69. 8.3.69 वेश्च स्वनो भोजने The ष् is substituted for the स् of स्वन् after वि and अव when the sense is 'to smack while eating'.
  70. 8.3.70 परिनिविभ्यः सेवसितसयसिवुसहसुट्स्तुस्वञ्जाम् ष् is substituted for the स् of 1. सेव् 2. सित 3. सय 4. सिव् 5. सह 6. the augment सुट् 7. स्तु and 8. स्वज् after the उपसर्ग (Prepositions) परि , नि and वि.
  71. 8.3.71 सिवादीनां वाऽड्व्यवायेऽपि The ष् change may take place optionally in the सिव् and the rest (of the last sūtra) even when the augment अ intervenes between the उपसर्ग (Prepositions) परि , नि and वि and the verb.
  72. 8.3.72 अनुविपर्यभिनिभ्यः स्यन्दतेरप्राणिषु ष् is optionally the substitute of the स् of स्यन्द् after the उपसर्ग (Prepositions) अनु , वि , परि , अभि and वि when the subject is not a living being.
  73. 8.3.73 वेः स्कन्देरनिष्ठायाम् ष् is optionally the substitute of the स् of स्कन्द् after the उपसर्ग (Preposition) वि but not in the participles in त and तवत.
  74. 8.3.74 परेश्च ष् is optionally the substitute of the स् of स्कन्द् after the उपसर्ग (Preposition) परि everywhere.
  75. 8.3.75 परिस्कन्दः प्राच्यभरतेषु The word परिस्कन्द is used without the cerebral change in the country of Eastern Bharata.
  76. 8.3.76 स्फुरतिस्फुलत्योर्निर्निविभ्यः ष् is optionally the substitute of the स् of स्फुर् and स्फुल् after the उपसर्ग (Prepositions) निस् , नि and वि.
  77. 8.3.77 वेः स्कभ्नातेर्नित्यम् ष् is always the substitute of the स् of स्कम्भ after the उपसर्ग (Preposition) वि.
  78. 8.3.78 इणः षीध्वंलुङ्लिटां धोऽङ्गात् The cerebral sound is substituted in the room of ध् of षीध्वम् and of the personal-endings of the Aorist and the लिट् (Perfect Tense), after a अङ्ग (stem) ending in इण् (a vowel other than अ).
  79. 8.3.79 विभाषेटः The cerebral sound is optionally substituted for the ध् of षीध्वम् and of the Aorist and the लिट् (Perfect Tense) after the augment इट् when the stem ends in inn
  80. 8.3.80 समासेऽङ्गुलेः सङ्गः ष् is substituted for the स् of सङ्ग after the word अङ्गुलि in a compound.
  81. 8.3.81 भीरोः स्थानम् ष् is substituted for the स् of स्थानम् when preceded by भीरु in a compound.
  82. 8.3.82 अग्नेः स्तुत्स्तोमसोमाः ष् is substituted for the स् of 1. स्तुत 2. स्तोम and 3. सोम when preceded by अग्नि in a compound.
  83. 8.3.83 ज्योतिरायुषः स्तोमः ष् is substituted for the स् of स्तोम after ज्योतिस् and आयुस् in a compound.
  84. 8.3.84 मातृपितृभ्यां स्वसा ष् is optionally substituted for the स् of स्वसृ after मातृ and पितृ in a compound.
  85. 8.3.85 मातुःपितुर्भ्यामन्यतरस्याम् ष् is optionally substituted for the स् of स्वसृ after मातुर् and पितुर् in a compound.
  86. 8.3.86 अभिनिसः स्तनः शब्दसंज्ञायाम् ष् is optionally substituted for the स् of स्तन् after the double उपसर्ग (Preposition) अभि निस् when the word so formed is the name of a particular letter (विसर्ग).
  87. 8.3.87 उपसर्गप्रादुर्भ्यामस्तिर्यच्परः ष् is substituted for the स् of the verb अस् 'to be' when it is followed by a vowel or य् and is preceded by प्रादुः or an उपसर्ग (Preposition) इ or उ having in it.
  88. 8.3.88 सुविनिर्दुर्भ्यः सुपिसूतिसमाः ष् is substituted for the स् of स्वप् , सूति and सम after सु , वि , निर् and दुर्.
  89. 8.3.89 निनदीभ्यां स्नातेः कौशले ष् is substituted for the स् of स्ना after नि and नदी when the word so formed denotes 'dexterous'.
  90. 8.3.90 सूत्रं प्रतिष्णातम् The word प्रतिष्णात is irregularly formed when meaning 'sūtra'.
  91. 8.3.91 कपिष्ठलो गोत्रे The word कपिष्ठल is irregularly formed denoting the founder of a गोत्र (Patronymic) of that name.
  92. 8.3.92 प्रष्ठोऽग्रगामिनि The word प्रष्ठ is irregularly formed when denoting 'a chief' or 'one who goes in front'.
  93. 8.3.93 वृक्षासनयोर्विष्टरः The word विष्टर is irregularly formed in the sense of 'tree' and 'seat'.
  94. 8.3.94 छन्दोनाम्नि च Also when it is the name of a meter, the irregular form विष्टर is used.
  95. 8.3.95 गवियुधिभ्यां स्थिरः ष् is substituted for the स् of स्थिरः after the words गवि and युधि.
  96. 8.3.96 विकुशमिपरिभ्यः स्थलम् ष् is substituted for the स् of स्थल after वि , कु , शमि and परि.
  97. 8.3.97 अम्बाम्बगोभूमिसव्यापद्वित्रिकुशेकुशङ्क्वङ्गुमञ्जिपुञ्जिपरमेबर्हिर्दिव्यग्निभ्यः स्थः ष् is substituted for the स् of स्थ after 1. अम्ब 2. आम्ब 3. गो 4. भूमि 5. सव्य 6. अप 7. द्वि 8. त्रि 9. कु 10. शेकु 11. शङ्क्वु 12. अङ्गु 13. मञ्जि 14. पुञ्जि 15. परमे 16. बर्हिस् 17. दिवि and 18 अग्नि.
  98. 8.3.98 सुषामादिषु च ष् is substituted for the स् of the words सुषामान् etc.
  99. 8.3.99 एति संज्ञायामगात् ष् is substituted for the स् when followed by ए and preceded by इण् or कु , when the word is a name and when the स् is not preceded by ग्.
  100. 8.3.100 नक्षत्राद्वा ष् is optionally substituted for the स् when the preceding word is the name of a Lunar mansion.
  101. 8.3.101 ह्रस्वात् तादौ तद्धिते ष् is substituted for the final स् preceded by a उ before a तद्धित affix beginning with त.
  102. 8.3.102 निसस्तपतावनासेवने ष् is substituted for the स् of निस् before the verb तप् when meaning is not that of 'repeatedly making red hot'.
  103. 8.3.103 युष्मत्तत्ततक्षुःष्वन्तःपादम् The स् standing in the inner half of a stanza is changed to ष् before the त of त्वम् etc. and युष्मद्.
  104. 8.3.104 यजुष्येकेषाम् In the opinion of some, the above change takes place in the यजुर्वेद also.
  105. 8.3.105 स्तुतस्तोमयोश्छन्दसि ष् is substituted for the स् of स्तुत in the छन्दस् (Vedas), in the opinion of some.
  106. 8.3.106 पूर्वपदात् In the छन्दस् (Vedas), ष् is substituted for the स् when it stands in the beginning of a second word, preceded by a word ending in इ etc.
  107. 8.3.107 सुञः In the छन्दस् (Vedas), ष् is substituted for the स् of the particle सु when preceded by a word having in it the change-effecting letter इ etc.
  108. 8.3.108 सनोतेरनः The स of the verb सन् , when it loses its न् is changed to ष , under the same circumstances.
  109. 8.3.109 सहेः पृतनर्ताभ्यां च ष् is substituted for the स् of सह after पृतना and ऋत.
  110. 8.3.110 न रपरसृपिसृजिस्पृशिस्पृहिसवनादीनाम् The ष् substitution does not take place if र् follows the स् as well as in 1. सृप 2. सृज 3. स्पृश 4. स्पृह and 5. सवन etc.
  111. 8.3.111 सात्पदाद्योः The ष् substitution does not take place in the affix सात् and for that स् which stands at the beginning of a word.
  112. 8.3.112 सिचो यङि The ष् substitution does not take place in the स् of सिच् of the Intensive.
  113. 8.3.113 सेधतेर्गतौ The ष् substitution does not take place in the स् of the verb सेध when the meaning is that of moving.
  114. 8.3.114 प्रतिस्तब्धनिस्तब्धौ च The words प्रतिस्तब्ध and निस्तब्ध are anomalous.
  115. 8.3.115 सोढः The ष् substitution does not take place in the स् of सोढ form of the root सह.
  116. 8.3.116 स्तम्भुसिवुसहां चङि The ष् substitution does not take place in the reduplicated Aorist of the roots 1. स्तम्भ् 2. सिव् and 3. सह.
  117. 8.3.117 सुनोतेः स्यसनोः The ष् substitution does not take place in the स् of सु (सुनोति) in the Future, Conditional and Desiderative.
  118. 8.3.118 सदेः परस्य लिटि The ष् substitution does not take place in the स् of सद् and ष्वञ्ज् after the reduplicate in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  119. 8.3.119 निव्यभिभ्योऽड्व्यवाये वा छन्दसि The ष् is optionally substituted in the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the उपसर्ग (Prepositions) नि , वि and अभि when the augment अट् intervenes.

Pāda 8.4 n → ṇ; assimilation; last rule

ṇatva (8.4.1, 8.4.2); assimilation of s/dentals to palatals (8.4.40) and of stops in voicing (8.4.53, 8.4.55); svarita accent (8.4.66); and the last sūtra 8.4.68 a a, restoring the closed short a. map →

  1. 8.4.1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे a नकार occurring immediately after ष् or र् in the same पद is converted to a णकार.
  2. 8.4.2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि a नकार occurring after ष् or र् in the same पद is converted to a णकार even when it is separated from the ष् or र् by one or more letters from the अट् प्रत्याहार, कवर्ग, पवर्ग, आङ् , or अनुस्वार.
  3. 8.4.3 पूर्वपदात् संज्ञायामगः For a समस्तपद which is defined as a संज्ञा, The र् and ष् present in the पूर्वपद causes the णत्वम् of नकार from the उत्तरपद, as long as there is no गकार in between.
  4. 8.4.4 वनं पुरगामिश्रकासिध्रकाशारिकाकोटराऽग्रेभ्यः The न of वन , is changed into ण , when preceded by the words पुरगा , मिश्रका , सिध्रका , शारिका , कोटरा and अग्रे , as first members of the compound, and the whole compound is a name.
  5. 8.4.5 प्रनिरन्तःशरेक्षुप्लक्षाम्रकार्ष्यखदिरपीयूक्षाभ्योऽसंज्ञायामपि The न of वन , is replaced by ण , even when the compound is not a Name, when it is preceded by the words प्र , निर् , अन्तर , शर , इक्षु , प्लक्ष , आम्र , कार्ष्य , खदिर and पीयूक्षा.
  6. 8.4.6 विभाषौषधिवनस्पतिभ्यः The न of वन , is optionally replaced by ण , when the cause of change occurs in the first member of the compound and which denotes a perennial herb or forest tree.
  7. 8.4.7 अह्नोऽदन्तात् The ण is the substitute of न of अहन् , when it is preceded by a word ending in अ , having in it a letter capable of producing a change.
  8. 8.4.8 वाहनमाहितात् The न of वाहन is changed into ण , when the letter producing the change, occurs in the first member of a compound, denoting the thing carried.
  9. 8.4.9 पानं देशे The न of पान is changed into ण , when occurs as the second member of a compound, the first member of which contains a letter causing change; and the whole compound denotes a country or people.
  10. 8.4.10 वा भावकरणयोः Optionally when the compound denotes a condition or an instrument, the न् of पान is changed to ण , when it is a second member, the cause of change occurring in the first member in a compound.
  11. 8.4.11 प्रातिपदिकान्तनुम्विभक्तिषु च Optionally ण is substituted for न when it stands at the end of a Nominal-stem (प्रातिपदिक) or is the augment नुम् or is न of a case-affix, (when the cause of change occurs in the first member of the compound).
  12. 8.4.12 एकाजुत्तरपदे णः For a समस्तपद, a रेफ or a षकार present in the पूर्वपद causes the णत्व of the नकार present in the एकाच् उत्तरपद whenever the नकार is (1) at end of a प्रातिपदिक, or (2) created due to a नुमागम, or (3) part of a विभक्ति.
  13. 8.4.13 कुमति च In a compound, the second member of which contains a guttural, there is ण in the room of न , that follows anything which standing in the prior member is qualified to cause the change, provided the न be at the end of a प्रातिपदिक , or be the augment नुम् , or occur in a विभक्ति.
  14. 8.4.14 उपसर्गादसमासेऽपि णोपदेशस्य A धातु which has णकार in the औपदेशिक form get णत्वम् in presence of an उपसर्ग that has रेफ or षकार.
  15. 8.4.15 हिनुमीना The नकार associated with the forms of the verbs हि and मी is converted to णकार in presence of a रेफयुक्त उपसर्ग.
  16. 8.4.16 आनि लोट् A रेफ present in an उपसर्ग causes the णत्व of नकार of the 'आनि' प्रत्यय of लोट्-लकार.
  17. 8.4.17 नेर्गदनदपतपदघुमास्यतिहन्तियातिवातिद्रातिप्सातिवपतिवहतिशाम्यतिचिनोतिदेग्धिषु च A णत्वनिमित्तक उपसर्ग causes the णत्व of the उपसर्ग 'नि' attached to the following verbs - गद्, नद्, पत्, पद्, मा, सो, हन्, या, वा, द्रा, प्सा, वप्, वह्, शम्, चि, दिह् , and also for घुसंज्ञक verbs.
  18. 8.4.18 शेषे विभाषाऽकखादावषान्त उपदेशे A णत्वनिमित्तक उपसर्ग causes an optional णत्व of the उपसर्ग 'नि' attached to the verbs that are not ककारादि, not खकारादि, not षकारान्त and not mentioned in नेर्गदनद.. (8.4.16) sutra.
  19. 8.4.19 अनितेः The नकार of the verb 'अन् (प्राणने)' becomes णकार when the verb is used along with an उपसर्ग that could cause the णत्व to happen (like प्र or परा).
  20. 8.4.20 अन्तः When the verb अन् (प्राणने) is used along with a रेफ/षकारयुक्त उपसर्ग (like प्र or परा), its नकार becomes णकार when it appears at the end of a पद.
  21. 8.4.21 उभौ साभ्यासस्य When the verb अन् (प्राणने) is used along with a रेफ/षकारयुक्त उपसर्ग (like प्र or परा), and when such a verb undergoes a द्वित्व, then both of the नकारs become णकार.
  22. 8.4.22 हन्तेरत्पूर्वस्य When the word हन् comes after an उपसर्ग containing a रेफ, the नकार of हन् is converted to णकार only if that नकार is preceded by an अकार, not otherwise.
  23. 8.4.23 वमोर्वा When the word हन् comes after an उपसर्ग containing a रेफ, and when the नकार of हन् is preceded by a ह्रस्व अकार, this नकार is optionally converted to णकार in presence of a प्रत्यय that begins with a वकार or a मकार.
  24. 8.4.24 अन्तरदेशे The नकार of हन् is converted to णकार when this word follows the word 'अन्तर्' and when this नकार is preceded by a ह्रस्व अकार. But this णत्व does not happen if the resultant word indicates the name of a place.
  25. 8.4.25 अयनं च The नकार of अयन is converted to णकार when this word follows the word 'अन्तर्'. But this णत्व does not happen if the resultant word indicates the name of a place.
  26. 8.4.26 छन्दस्यृदवग्रहात् In the छन्दस् , न of a second term is changed into ण , when prior term ends with a short ऋ even when there is an अवग्रह or hiatus between the two terms.
  27. 8.4.27 नश्च धातुस्थोरुषुभ्यः In the छन्दस् , the न of (the Pronoun) नस् is changed into ण , when it comes after a root having a र or ष or after the words उरु and षु (सु).
  28. 8.4.28 उपसर्गाद् बहुलम् The न of नस् is changed diversely into ण , when it comes after an उपसर्ग having a cause of change.
  29. 8.4.29 कृत्यचः The न of कृत् affix, preceded by a vowel, is changed into ण , when it follows an उपसर्ग having the cause of change.
  30. 8.4.30 णेर्विभाषा The न of कृत् affix ordained after a causative verb (णयन्त), is optionally changed into ण , when it comes after an उपसर्ग having a cause of change.
  31. 8.4.31 हलश्च इजुपधात् The कृत् affix, coming after a verb, which begins with a consonant and has a penultimate इच् vowel, changes optionally its न् , which is preceded by a vowel, into ण् , when it comes after उपसर्ग having a cause of change.
  32. 8.4.32 इजादेः सनुमः A कृत् affix ordained after a verb beginning with an इच् vowel, having the augment नुम् in it, and ending with a consonant, changes it s न् into ण् , when preceded by an उपसर्ग having in it the cause of change.
  33. 8.4.33 वा निंसनिक्षनिन्दाम् The न् of निस् , निक्ष and निन्द is changed to a ण optionally, when preceded by an उपसर्ग having in it a cause of change.
  34. 8.4.34 न भाभूपूकमिगमिप्यायीवेपाम् The न of a कृत् affix is not changed to ण , though preceded by an उपसर्ग having in it a cause of change, when the affix is added to the following verbs - भा 'to shine', भू 'to be', पू 'to purify', कमि 'to be brilliant', गमि 'to go', प्यायि 'to increase', वेप 'to shake'.
  35. 8.4.35 षात् पदान्तात् After a ष् final in a पद , the न् is not changed to ण.
  36. 8.4.36 नशेः षान्तस्य ण् is not the substitute of the verb नश 'to destroy', when ending in ष्.
  37. 8.4.37 पदान्तस्य A नकार occurring at end of a पद does not get णत्वम् .
  38. 8.4.38 पदव्यवायेऽपि The न् is not changed to ण् when a पद intervenes between the cause of the change and the word containing the न्.
  39. 8.4.39 क्षुभ्नाऽऽदिषु च The ण् is not the substitute of न् in the words क्षुभ्ना etc.
  40. 8.4.40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः In the context of संहिता, A सकार and a तवर्ग letter are converted (respectively) to a शकार and चवर्ग letter when associated with a शकार or a चवर्ग letter.
  41. 8.4.41 ष्टुना ष्टुः In the context of संहिता, A सकार and a तवर्ग letter are converted (respectively) to a षकार and टवर्ग letter when associated with a षकार or a टवर्ग letter.
  42. 8.4.42 न पदान्ताट्टोरनाम् Except when followed by the प्रत्यय नाम्, a पदान्तटवर्ग letter does not cause the ष्टुत्वम् of सकार or a तवर्ग letter that follows it.
  43. 8.4.43 तोः षि A तवर्ग letter which is followed by a षकार does not undergo ष्टुत्वम्.
  44. 8.4.44 शात् A तवर्गीय letter following a शकार does not undergo श्चुत्वम्.
  45. 8.4.45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा A यर् letter occurring at end of a पद is optionally converted to an अनुनासिक when it is followed by an अनुनासिक.
  46. 8.4.46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे If र् or ह् is present after अच् letter, then a यर् letter occurring after such a र् or ह् is optionally duplicated.
  47. 8.4.47 अनचि च The यर् letter that follows an अच् letter but is not followed by an अच् letter is optionally duplicated.
  48. 8.4.48 नादिन्याक्रोशे पुत्रस्य The तकार of the word पुत्रादिनी does not get a द्वित्व when this word is used while shouting / while talking in angry tone.
  49. 8.4.49 शरोऽचि A शर्-letter does not undergo द्वित्वम् when followed by an अच् letter.
  50. 8.4.50 त्रिप्रभृतिषु शाकटायनस्य According to शाकटायन, when three or more letters are joined using a संयोग, the द्वित्वम् does not happen.
  51. 8.4.51 सर्वत्र शाकल्यस्य According to शाकल्य, a यर् letter is never duplicated.
  52. 8.4.52 दीर्घादाचार्याणाम् According to various experts, a यर्-letter following a दीर्घ letter does not undergo द्वित्वम्.
  53. 8.4.53 झलां जश् झशि A झल्-letter is converted to a corresponding जश्-letter when followed by a झश् letter.
  54. 8.4.54 अभ्यासे चर्च A झल् letter present in an अभ्यास is converted either to a जश् letter or a चर् letter as appropriate.
  55. 8.4.55 खरि च A झल्-letter is converted to a corresponding चर्-letter when followed by a खर्-letter.
  56. 8.4.56 वाऽवसाने A झल् letter is optionally converted to a corresponding चर् -letter when it is not followed by any other letter.
  57. 8.4.57 अणोऽप्रगृह्यस्यानुनासिकः The अण् letter of a non-प्रगृह्य word becomes अनुनासिक optionally when it is followed by an अवसान.
  58. 8.4.58 अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः An अनुस्वार when followed by a यय् वर्ण is converted to the परसवर्ण.
  59. 8.4.59 वा पदान्तस्य An अनुस्वार occurring at end of a पद when followed by a यय् वर्ण is optionally converted to the परसवर्ण.
  60. 8.4.60 तोर्लि A letter of तवर्ग is converted to a परसवर्ण when followed by a लकार.
  61. 8.4.61 उदः स्थास्तम्भोः पूर्वस्य The स्था and स्तम्भ् are converted to पूर्वसवर्ण when they follow the upasarga उत् .
  62. 8.4.62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् A हकार following a झय् letter is optionally converted to the पूर्वसवर्ण (i.e. वर्गचतुर्थ).
  63. 8.4.63 शश्छोऽटि A शकार sandwiched between a झय् letter on the left and an अट् letter on the right is optionally converted to a छकार.
  64. 8.4.64 हलो यमां यमि लोपः A यम्-letter sandwiched between a हल्-letter (on left) and the same यम्-letter (on right) is optionally removed.
  65. 8.4.65 झरो झरि सवर्णे A झर् letter coming after an हल् letter is optionally deleted if it is followed by a सवर्ण झर् letter.
  66. 8.4.66 उदात्तादनुदात्तस्य स्वरितः The स्वरित is the substitute of an अनुदात्त vowel which follows an उदात्त vowel.
  67. 8.4.67 नोदात्तस्वरितोदयमगार्ग्यकाश्यपगालवानाम् All prohibit the above substitution of स्वरित, except the आचार्याः - गार्ग्य, काश्यप and गाल्व; when an उदात्त or a स्वरित follows.
  68. 8.4.68 अ अ The ह्रस्वः अकारः which was being treated as विवृत during the प्रक्रिया now becomes संवृतः for प्रयोग.

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