3.3.121
हलश्च
Operational rule vidhi
And after a verb ending in a consonant, comes the affix घञ् (when the word to be formed is masculine and related to the verb as an instrument or a location and thereby the palatal is changed into guttural).
Word by word (padaccheda)
Left context pañcamī · ekavacanaIndeclinable च avyaya
- Left context Pañcamī (5th case): "after X", the operation applies to what follows (1.1.67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य). Also used for limits and sources.
- Indeclinable An avyaya such as च "and", वा "optionally", न "not".
Dotted words are technical terms, dashed ones pratyāhāras (names for classes of sounds or affixes). Hover or tap one to see its card.
Full reading
च
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
And after a verb ending in a consonant, comes the affix घञ् (when the word to be formed is masculine and related to the verb as an instrument or a location and thereby the palatal is changed into guttural).
The whole of the phrase within brackets is to be read into this sutra from sutra 3.3.118. This excludes घ. Thus लेखः 'a writing' (that in which something is inscribed); वेदः 'the Veda' (that by which all is known); वेषः 'dress' (that which is entered into); बन्धः 'obstruction'; मार्गः 'a way' (that on which they seek); अपामार्गः 'a plant' (that by which disease or the like is cleared away); रामः 'Rama' (i. e. in which the devout delight).
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.