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Adhyāya 7 of 8 · 438 sūtras

सप्तमः अध्यायः Stem & affix operations (aṅga)

Stem & junction operations · Still under 6.4.1 aṅgasya: replacing affixes after the stem (yu/vu → ana/aka, ṭā → ina), augments such as iṭ and num, guṇa and vṛddhi of the stem, changes of noun stems before case endings, and the rules for the reduplicated syllable.

Headings: 6.4.1 अङ्गस्य → 7.4.97; 7.4.58 अत्र लोपोऽभ्यासस्य → 7.4.97

  1. 7.1 Affix substitutes after the stem; num
  2. 7.2 iṭ augment; vṛddhi; pronouns
  3. 7.3 guṇa; noun stems before endings
  4. 7.4 Causative aorist; the reduplicated syllable
See adhyāya 7 on the structure map →

Pāda 7.1 Affix substitutes after the stem; num

Replacements of affixes after particular stems: yu/vu → ana/aka (7.1.1), jh → ant (7.1.3), bhis → ais (7.1.9), ṭā → ina (7.1.12); the augment num (7.1.58 …). map →

  1. 7.1.1 युवोरनाकौ The यु and वु belonging to a प्रत्यय are converted respectively to अन and अक.
  2. 7.1.2 आयनेयीनीयियः फढखच्छघां प्रत्ययादीनाम् The letters फ्-ढ्-ख्-छ्-घ् occurring at the beginning of a प्रत्यय are converted respectively to आयन्-एय्-ईन्-ईय् and इय्
  3. 7.1.3 झोऽन्तः The letter झ् occurring in a प्रत्यय is converted to अन्त्.
  4. 7.1.4 अदभ्यस्तात् झकार of the प्रत्यय that follows an अभ्यस्त is converted to अत्.
  5. 7.1.5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः The झकार of the आत्मनेपदी प्रत्यय that follows an अनदन्त अङ्ग gets the 'अत्' आदेश.
  6. 7.1.6 शीङो रुट् When the झ-प्रत्यय attached to the verb root शीङ् gets the आदेश अत्, then this आदेश also gets a आगम 'रुट्'.
  7. 7.1.7 वेत्तेर्विभाषा The अत् substitute of झ optionally gets the रुट् augment after the verbal अङ्ग (stem) विद् (वेत्ति).
  8. 7.1.8 बहुलं छन्दसि The augment रुट् is diversely applied in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  9. 7.1.9 अतो भिस ऐस् The भिस्-प्रत्यय following an अदन्त अङ्ग is converted to ऐस्.
  10. 7.1.10 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the substitution takes place diversely.
  11. 7.1.11 नेदमदसोरकोः This substitution of ऐस् does not take place after 1. इदम् and 2. अदस् except when they end in क.
  12. 7.1.12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः The टा, ङसिँ, and ङस् प्रत्ययाः attached to an अदन्त अङ्ग are converted respectively to इन, आत् and स्य.
  13. 7.1.13 ङेर्यः The ङे प्रत्यय attached to an अदन्त अङ्ग is converted to a यकार.
  14. 7.1.14 सर्वनाम्नः स्मै The ङे-प्रत्यय attached to an अदन्त सर्वनाम get an आदेश 'स्मै'.
  15. 7.1.15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ The ङसिँ and ङि प्रत्ययs attached to an अदन्त सर्वनाम are converted respectively to स्मात् and स्मिन्.
  16. 7.1.16 पूर्वादिभ्यो नवभ्यो वा For the nine words - पूर्व, पर, अवर, दक्षिण, उत्तर, अपर, अधर, स्व, अन्तर - when they are used as a सर्वनाम, the ङसिँ and ङि- प्रत्ययs after them are optionally converted to स्मात् and स्मिन् respectively.
  17. 7.1.17 जसः शी The जस्-प्रत्यय attached to an अदन्त सर्वनाम get an आदेश शी.
  18. 7.1.18 औङ आपः The औ and औट्-प्रत्ययs following a आबन्त अङ्ग get the आदेश 'शी'.
  19. 7.1.19 नपुंसकाच्च The औ and औट्-प्रत्ययs following a नपुंसक अङ्ग get the आदेश 'शी'.
  20. 7.1.20 जश्शसोः शिः The जस्/शस्-प्रत्ययs that follow a नपुंसकलिङ्ग word get 'शि' आदेश.
  21. 7.1.21 अष्टाभ्य औश् The जस् and शस् प्रत्ययs following the 'अष्टा' form of the word अष्टन् get the औश् आदेश.
  22. 7.1.22 षड्भ्यो लुक् The जस्/शस्-प्रत्यय following a षट्-संज्ञक अङ्ग are removed.
  23. 7.1.23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् The सुँ and अम् attached to a नपुंसक अङ्ग are removed.
  24. 7.1.24 अतोऽम् The सुँ and अम् attached to an अकारान्त नपुंसक अङ्ग are converted to अम्.
  25. 7.1.25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः The सुँ / अम् प्रत्यय occurring after the words ending in डतर and डतम प्रत्यय, and after the words 'अन्य', 'अन्यतर', 'इतर' gets the अद्ड् आदेश.
  26. 7.1.26 नेतराच्छन्दसि In case of Vedas - The सुँ and अम् प्रत्यय occurring after the नपुंसकलिङ्गवाची 'इतर' शब्द do not get the अद्ड्-आदेशः .
  27. 7.1.27 युष्मदस्मद्भ्यां ङसोऽश् अश् -- अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य (1.1.55), is substituted for the Genitive 6th-Case ending अस् after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  28. 7.1.28 ङे प्रथमयोरम् अम् is substituted for the Dative -4th Case ending ए and for the endings of the Nominative 1st-Case and Accusative -2nd case in all numbers after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  29. 7.1.29 शसो न न् is substituted for स् of अस् the affix of the Accusative -2nd case plural after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  30. 7.1.30 भ्यसो भ्यम् अभ्यम् is substituted for the Dative -4th Case ending भ्यस् after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  31. 7.1.31 पञ्चम्या अत् अत् is substituted for the Ablative -5th case ending भ्यस् after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  32. 7.1.32 एकवचनस्य च This substitution of अत् is made in the singular number also in the Ablative -5th case after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  33. 7.1.33 साम आकम् आकम् is substituted for the Genitive 6th-Case plural affix साम् -- आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् (7.1.52), after the अङ्ग (stems) युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  34. 7.1.34 आत औ णलः औ is substituted for णल् , the affix of the 1st and 3rd person singular of the लिट् (Perfect Tense), after the roots ending in long आ.
  35. 7.1.35 तुह्योस्तातङ्ङाशिष्यन्यतरस्याम् When the लोट्-लकार is used to express the 'desire of unattainable', the तु and हि प्रत्यय are optionally converted to तातङ्.
  36. 7.1.36 विदेः शतुर्वसुः The शतृ प्रत्यय attached to the verb विद् (ज्ञाने) is optionally converted to 'वसुँ'.
  37. 7.1.37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् In a compound, the first member of which is an indeclinable but not नञ् ; ल्यप् is substituted for क्त्वा.
  38. 7.1.38 क्त्वाऽपि छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the क्त्वा also, as well as ल्यप् is substituted for क्त्वा after an indeclinable compound, other than one preceded by the Negative नञ् .
  39. 7.1.39 सुपां सुलुक्पूर्वसवर्णाऽऽच्छेयाडाड्यायाजालः The following irregularly endings are substituted for the various case endings in the छन्दस् (Vedas) 1. स् of the Nominative 1st-Case singular for अस् of the plural 2. the लुक् elision of the case-endings 3. the single substitution of the homogeneous long vowel of the अङ्ग (stem) 4. आ 5. आत् 6. ए (शे) for the ending of the Nominative 1st-Case plural 7. या 8. आ (डा) with the elision of the last vowel and the consonant, if any, that follows it in the अङ्ग (stem) 9. या (ड्या) with a similar shortening of the अङ्ग (stem) 10. या (याच्) and आ (accent of ल).
  40. 7.1.40 अमो मश् For the personal ending अम् of the 1st person singular (in the Aorist) म -- अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य (1.1.55) is substituted in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  41. 7.1.41 लोपस्त आत्मनेपदेषु In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the त of the आत्मनेपद personal ending is elided.
  42. 7.1.42 ध्वमो ध्वात् In the छन्दस् (Vedas) ध्वात् is substituted for the personal ending ध्वम्.
  43. 7.1.43 यजध्वैनमिति च यजध्वैनम् is irregularly formed in the छन्दस् (Vedas) for यजध्वनमेनम्.
  44. 7.1.44 तस्य तात् For the ending त of the 2nd person plural Imperative is substituted तात् in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  45. 7.1.45 तप्तनप्तनथनाश्च Also त and तन (before both, on account of the indicatory प् the preceding vowel of the verbal अङ्ग (stem) is strengthened or if weak not shortened) तन and थन are substituted for the त of the 2nd person plural Imperative in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  46. 7.1.46 इदन्तो मसि The personal ending मस् becomes in the छन्दस् (Vedas) मसि ending with a इ.
  47. 7.1.47 क्त्वो यक् In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the Absolutive affix क्त्वा gets at the end the augment य.
  48. 7.1.48 इष्ट्वीनमिति च In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the Absolutive इष्ट्वीनम् is irregularly formed for इष्ट्वा.
  49. 7.1.49 स्नात्व्यादयश्च स्नात्व्यी etc. are irregularly formed in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  50. 7.1.50 आज्जसेरसुक् After a अङ्ग (stem) ending in अ or आ the affix अस् of the Nominative 1st-Case plural gets, in the छन्दस् (Vedas), the augment अस् (असुक्) at the end.
  51. 7.1.51 अश्वक्षीरवृषलवणानामात्मप्रीतौ क्यचि The same augment अस् (असुक्) is added after the words 1. अश्व 2. क्षीर 3. वृष and 4. लवण before the Denominative affix क्यचि when the delight of the subject in these things is to be expressed.
  52. 7.1.52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् An आम्-प्रत्यय appearing after an अकारान्त सर्वनामशब्द gets a सुट्-आगम.
  53. 7.1.53 त्रेस्त्रयः The word त्रि gets the आदेश 'त्रय' when followed by the प्रत्यय 'आम्'.
  54. 7.1.54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट् The आम्-प्रत्यय that follows a ह्रस्व word, a नदीसंज्ञक word, or an आबन्त word gets a नुट्-आगम.
  55. 7.1.55 षट्चतुर्भ्यश्च The आम्-प्रत्यय present after a षट्-संज्ञक word or after the word चतुर् gets a नुट्-आगम.
  56. 7.1.56 श्रीग्रामण्योश्छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas) after the words श्री and ग्रामणी the Genitive 6th-Case plural आम् gets the augment न्.
  57. 7.1.57 गोः पादान्ते After गो when standing at the end of a ऋक् verse, the augment न् comes before the Genitive 6th-Case plural आम् .
  58. 7.1.58 इदितो नुम् धातोः The verb roots that have इकार as इत्संज्ञक get a नुमागम.
  59. 7.1.59 शे मुचादीनाम् The verb roots that belong to the मुचादि-अन्तर्गण, get a नुम्-आगम when followed by 'श' प्रत्यय.
  60. 7.1.60 मस्जिनशोर्झलि The verb roots मस्ज् and नश् get a नुमागम when followed by a झलादि प्रत्यय.
  61. 7.1.61 रधिजभोरचि The verb roots रध् and जभ् get a नुमागम when followed by an अजादि प्रत्यय.
  62. 7.1.62 नेट्यलिटि रधेः For the verb root रध्, there is no नुमागम if an इडागम is done. However, in case of लिट्-लकार, नुमागम happens in-spite of इडागम.
  63. 7.1.63 रभेरशब्लिटोः The verb root रभ् which is followed by an अजादि प्रत्यय gets a नुमागम. But this नुमागम is not seen in presence of शप् विकरणप्रत्यय as well as in presence of लिट्-लकार.
  64. 7.1.64 लभेश्च The verb root लभ् which is followed by an अजादि प्रत्यय gets a नुमागम. But this नुमागम is not seen in presence of शप् विकरणप्रत्यय as well as in presence of लिट्-लकार.
  65. 7.1.65 आङो यि The verb root आङ् + लभ् gets a नुमागम in the anticipation of a pratyay that starts with य् .
  66. 7.1.66 उपात् प्रशंसायाम् The verb root उप + लभ् gets a नुमागम in the anticipation of a pratyay that starts with य्, if the intended meaning of the resultant word is 'to praise'.
  67. 7.1.67 उपसर्गात् खल्घञोः The verb root लभ् gets a नुमागम in presence of खल्-प्रत्यय and घञ्-प्रत्यय (only when) it is attached to an उपसर्ग .
  68. 7.1.68 न सुदुर्भ्यां केवलाभ्याम् The verb root लभ् , when attached to only the 'सु' or 'दुर्' उपसर्ग (and no other उपसर्ग) does not get a नुमागम in presence of खल्-प्रत्यय and घञ्-प्रत्यय.
  69. 7.1.69 विभाषा चिण्णमुलोः The verb root लभ् (when used without any उपसर्ग) optionally gets a नुमागम in presence of चिण्-प्रत्यय and णमुल्-प्रत्यय.
  70. 7.1.70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः Whatever has an indicatory उ , ऋ and ऌ (with the exception of a root) and the अङ्ग (stem) अच् (अञ्चि) get the augment नुम् in the strong cases.
  71. 7.1.71 युजेरसमासे The word युज् gets नुमागम in presence of a सर्वनामस्थान. However, if this word is in a समस्तपद, then the नुमागम does not happen.
  72. 7.1.72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः A झलन्त and an अजन्त नपुंसक word gets a नुमागम when followed by a सर्वनामस्थान.
  73. 7.1.73 इकोऽचि विभक्तौ An इगन्त नपुंसकलिङ्ग word gets नुमागम when followed by an अजादि विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  74. 7.1.74 तृतीयादिषु भाषितपुंस्कं पुंवद्गालवस्य According to गालवाचार्य, for a नपुंसकलिङ्ग word which can be used also as a पुंलिङ्ग word with the same meaning, the तृतीया onwards forms are like that of the पुंलिङ्ग word.
  75. 7.1.75 अस्थिदधिसक्थ्यक्ष्णामनङुदात्तः The words अस्थि, दधि, सक्थि and अक्षि get an उदात्तः अनङ्-आदेश when followed by an अजादि विभक्ति of तृतीया onwards.
  76. 7.1.76 छन्दस्यपि दृश्यते In the छन्दस् (Vedas) also, the अङ्ग (stems) 1. अस्थि 2. दधि 3. सक्थि and 4. अक्षि are found to take the substitute अन् (अनङ्) before the endings other than those mentioned above.
  77. 7.1.77 ई च द्विवचने The acutely accented (उदात्त) ई is substituted for the final of 1. अस्थि 2. दधि 3. सक्थि and 4. अक्षि in the छन्दस् (Vedas) when the case-affixes of the dual follow.
  78. 7.1.78 नाभ्यस्ताच्छतुः The participle affix शतृ (अत्-अन्त्) does not take the augment नुम् after a reduplicate अङ्ग (stem).
  79. 7.1.79 वा नपुंसकस्य The participle affix शतृ (अत्-अन्त्) optionally takes the augment नुम् after a reduplicate अङ्ग (stem) in Neuter nouns.
  80. 7.1.80 आच्छीनद्योर्नुम् When the affix शतृ (अत्-अन्त्) comes after a verbal अङ्ग (stem) ending in अ or आ, it may optionally take the augment नुम् before the Neutral case-ending शी and before the feminine affix ई.
  81. 7.1.81 शप्श्यनोर्नित्यम् When the affix शतृ (अत्-अन्त्) comes after a verbal अङ्ग (stem) ending in विकरण-s शप् and श्यन् it invariably takes the augment नुम् before the Neutral शी (ई) and the feminine ending ई (नदी).
  82. 7.1.82 सावनडुहः The अवर्ण of the word अनडुह् get a नुमागम in presence of the सुँ प्रत्यय.
  83. 7.1.83 दृक्स्ववस्स्वतवसां छन्दसि 1. दृक् 2. स्वस् and 3. स्वतवस् take the augment नुम् before the affix सु (Nominative 1st-Case and Vocative Case singular) in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  84. 7.1.84 दिव औत् The word दिव् gets the 'औ' आदेश in presence of the प्रत्यय सुँ .
  85. 7.1.85 पथिमथ्यृभुक्षामात् The words पथिन्, मथिन् and ऋभुक्षिन् get an 'आ' आदेश in presence of the सुँ-प्रत्यय.
  86. 7.1.86 इतोऽत् सर्वनामस्थाने The इकार of the words पथिन्, मथिन् and ऋभुक्षिन् get an 'अ' आदेश in presence of a सर्वनामस्थान.
  87. 7.1.87 थो न्थः The थकार of the words पथिन् तथा मथिन् get the 'न्थ्' आदेश in presence of a सर्वनामस्थान.
  88. 7.1.88 भस्य टेर्लोपः The टि of the भसंज्ञक अङ्ग of पथिन्, मथिन् and ऋभुक्षिन् is removed.
  89. 7.1.89 पुंसोऽसुङ् The पुम्स् अङ्ग gets the असुङ् आदेश when it is expected to be followed by a सर्वनामस्थान.
  90. 7.1.90 गोतो णित् The सर्वनामस्थान-प्रत्यय following the word गो becomes णित्. atideśa
  91. 7.1.91 णलुत्तमो वा The णल्-प्रत्यय of लिट्लकार-परस्मैपद-उत्तमपुरुषैकवचन is only optionally णित्. atideśa
  92. 7.1.92 सख्युरसम्बुद्धौ The सर्वनामस्थानप्रत्यय not belonging to सम्बोधन-एकवचन when attached to the word सखि becomes णित्. atideśa
  93. 7.1.93 अनङ् सौ The word सखि gets an अनङ्-आदेश when it is followed by सुँ-प्रत्यय of प्रथमा-एकवचन.
  94. 7.1.94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च The ऋकारान्त words, and the words उशनस्/पुरुदंसस्/अनेहस् get अनङ् आदेश when followed by a सुँ-प्रत्यय not belonging to सम्बोधन एकवचन.
  95. 7.1.95 तृज्वत् क्रोष्टुः The word क्रोष्टु behaves like a तृच्-प्रत्ययान्त word when followed by a सर्वनामस्थान not belonging to सम्बोधनैकवचनम्. atideśa
  96. 7.1.96 स्त्रियां च In feminine context, the word क्रोष्टु behaves similar to the तृच्-प्रत्ययान्त words.
  97. 7.1.97 विभाषा तृतीयादिष्वचि The word क्रोष्टु optionally behaves like a तृच्-प्रत्ययान्त word when followed by an अजादि विभक्ति of तृतीया onwards.
  98. 7.1.98 चतुरनडुहोरामुदात्तः The words चतुर् and अनडुह् get an उदात्तः आम्-आगम when followed by a सर्वनामस्थान.
  99. 7.1.99 अम् सम्बुद्धौ The words चतुर् and अनडुह् get an अमागम when followed by सुँ प्रत्यय of सम्बोधन-एकवचन.
  100. 7.1.100 ॠत इद्धातोः The last letter of the दीर्घ-ॠकारान्त-धातु is converted to इकार.
  101. 7.1.101 उपधायाश्च The उपधा-ॠकार present in a धातु is converted to इकार.
  102. 7.1.102 उदोष्ठ्यपूर्वस्य If a verb root ends in a दीर्घ ॠकार before which an ओष्ठ्य letter is present, the ॠकार of that verb root is converted to उकार.
  103. 7.1.103 बहुलं छन्दसि In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the उर् substitution for ॠ of a root-stem is diverse.

Pāda 7.2 iṭ augment; vṛddhi; pronouns

vṛddhi in the s-aorist (7.2.1); the iṭ augment and when it is blocked (7.2.10, 7.2.35); pronoun stem substitutions (7.2.102); vṛddhi before ñit/ṇit affixes (7.2.115–117). map →

  1. 7.2.1 सिचि वृद्धिः परस्मैपदेषु An अङ्ग ending in the सिच्-प्रत्यय gets a वृद्धि आदेश in presence of a प्रत्यय belonging to परस्मैपद.
  2. 7.2.2 अतो ल्रान्तस्य वृद्धि is substituted for the short अ when it is immediately followed by the final र् or ल् of a root, before the परस्मैपद s-Aorist.
  3. 7.2.3 वदव्रजहलन्तस्याचः In the परस्मैपद s-Aorist there is वृद्धि of the अ of वद , व्रज् and of any vowel, without distinction, of the अङ्ग (stems) ending in a consonant.
  4. 7.2.4 नेटि The vowel of a अङ्ग (stem) ending in a consonant does not get वृद्धि when the स् (सिच्) takes the augment इट् .
  5. 7.2.5 ह्म्यन्तक्षणश्वसजागृणिश्व्येदिताम् The वृद्धि of the vowel of the following अङ्ग (stems), does not take place before the इट् augment s-Aorist in the परस्मैपद ; namely - the अङ्ग (stems) ending in 1. ह् 2. म् or 3. य् , the roots 1. क्षण् 2. श्वस् 3. जागृ , a stem formed with णि, the root श्वि and the roots having an indicatory ए in the धातुपाठ.
  6. 7.2.6 ऊर्णोतेर्विभाषा Before an इट् beginning substituted-Aorist of the परस्मैपद there is optional वृद्धि of the vowel of ऊर्णु.
  7. 7.2.7 अतो हलादेर्लघोः Before the इट् beginning s-Aorist of the परस्मैपद the short अ of the root gets optionally वृद्धि when the अङ्ग (stem) begins with a consonant and the अ is prosodially short by being followed by a simple consonant.
  8. 7.2.8 नेड् वशि कृति The augment इट् is not added to a कृत् affix beginning with a sonant consonant (वश् प्रत्यहार).
  9. 7.2.9 तितुत्रतथसिसुसरकसेषु च The इट् augment is not taken by the following कृत् affixes - 1. ति 2. तु 3. त्र 4. त 5. थ 6. सि 7. सु 8. सर 9. क and 10. स.
  10. 7.2.10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् The augment इट् is not added to that affix which is joined to a root, which in the Grammatical system of Instruction (i.e. in the धातुपाठ) is one syllable and is without accent (अनुदात्त).
  11. 7.2.11 श्र्युकः किति The augment इट् is not added to an affix having an indicatory फ् when it comes after the root श्रि or after a mono-syllabic root ending in 1. उ 2. ऊ 3. ऋ or 4. ॠ in the धातुपाठ.
  12. 7.2.12 सनि ग्रहगुहोश्च The Desiderative affix सन् does not get the augment इट् , not only after roots ending in 1. उ 2. ऊ 3. ऋ and 4. ॠ but also after ग्रह and गुह.
  13. 7.2.13 कृसृभृवृस्तुद्रुस्रुश्रुवो लिटि The personal endings of the लिट् (Perfect Tense) do not get the augment इट् after 1 कृ 2. सृ 3. भृ 4. वृ 5. स्तु 6. द्रु 7. स्रु 8.श्रु.
  14. 7.2.14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम् The participial affixes त and तथत् (क्त and क्तवतु) do not get the इट् augment after श्वि and after the root which has an indicatory ई.
  15. 7.2.15 यस्य विभाषा The participial affixes do not take the इट् augment after those roots, to which another suffix can optionally be added, with or without this augment इ.
  16. 7.2.16 आदितश्च The participial affixes do not take the इट् augment after a root which has an indicatory आ.
  17. 7.2.17 विभाषा भावादिकर्मणोः The participial affixes optionally take the इट् augment after roots having an indicatory आ when the affixes have an Impersonal sense or denote the beginning of an action.
  18. 7.2.18 क्षुब्धस्वान्तध्वान्तलग्नम्लिष्टविरिब्धफाण्टबाढानि मन्थमनस्तमःसक्ताविस्पष्टस्वरानायासभृशेषु The following words are made without the इट् augment in the senses given against them - 1. क्षुब्ध 'a churning stick' 2. स्वान्तः 'the mind' 3. ध्वान्तः 'darkness' 4. लग्नः 'attached' 5. म्लिष्टः 'indistinct or unintelligible' 6. विरिब्धः 'a note or a tone' 7. फाण्टः 'made without an effort or by an easy process' and 8. बाढः 'excessive'.
  19. 7.2.19 धृषिशसी वैयात्ये The participial affix does not get इट् augment after the roots 1. धृष् and 2. शस् when meaning 'bold, impudent and arrogant'.
  20. 7.2.20 दृढः स्थूलबलयोः The irregularly formed Past Participle दृढ means 'stout' and 'strong'.
  21. 7.2.21 प्रभौ परिवृढः The irregularly formed परिवृढ means 'Lord'.
  22. 7.2.22 कृच्छ्रगहनयोः कषः The participial affix does not take the augment इट् after the root कष् when the participle means 'difficult' and 'impenetrable'.
  23. 7.2.23 घुषिरविशब्दने The participial affix does not take the augment इट् after the root घुष् in any sense other than that of 'proclaimed'.
  24. 7.2.24 अर्देः संनिविभ्यः The participial affix does not take the augment इट् after the root अर्द when it is preceded by 1. सं 2. नि or 3. वि.
  25. 7.2.25 अभेश्चाविदूर्ये The participial affix does not take the augment इट् after the root अर्द when it is preceded by अभि, when the meaning is that of 'near'.
  26. 7.2.26 णेरध्ययने वृत्तम् The word वृत्त is formed from the causative of वृत् in the sense of 'studied through or read'.
  27. 7.2.27 वा दान्तशान्तपूर्णदस्तस्पष्टच्छन्नज्ञप्ताः The following irregularly formed participles from the causative roots may optionally take इट् - 1. दान्त 2. शान्त 3. पूर्ण 4. दस्त 5. स्पष्ट 6. छन्न and 7. ज्ञप्त.
  28. 7.2.28 रुष्यमत्वरसंघुषास्वनाम् The participial affix may optionally get इट् augment after 1. रुष् 2. अम् 3. त्वर 4. संघुष् and 5. आस्वन्.
  29. 7.2.29 हृषेर्लोमसु The participial affix may optionally get इट् augment after हृष् when the word लोमन् or its synonym is in construction with it.
  30. 7.2.30 अपचितश्च And after अपचित has also a second form with the augment इ .
  31. 7.2.31 ह्रु ह्वरेश्छन्दसि ह्रु is substituted for ह्वर् in the छन्दस् (Vedas) before the Participial-affix.
  32. 7.2.32 अपरिह्वृताश्च The word अपरिह्वृता is irregularly formed in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  33. 7.2.33 सोमे ह्वरितः ह्वरित् is irregularly formed from ह्वृ in the छन्दस् (Vedas) by गुण substitution and इट् augment when it refers to सोम.
  34. 7.2.34 ग्रसितस्कभितस्तभितोत्तभितचत्तविकस्ताविशस्तृशंस्तृशास्तृतरुतृतरूतृवरुतृवरूतृवरूत्रीरुज्ज्वलितिक्षरितिक्षमितिवमित्यमितीति च In the छन्दस् (Vedas), the following irregular forms are found, some with and some without the augment इट् 1. ग्रसित 2. स्कभित 3. स्तभित 4. उत्तभित 5. चत्त 6. विकस्त 7. विशस्तॄ 8. शंस्तृ 9. शास्तृ 10. तरुतृ 11. तरूतृ 12. वरुतृ 13. वरूतृ 14. वरुत्रीः 15. उज्ज्वलिति 16. क्षरिति 17. क्षमिति 18. वमिति and 19. अमिति.
  35. 7.2.35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः An आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय that starts with a वल् letter gets an इट् आगम.
  36. 7.2.36 स्नुक्रमोरनात्मनेपदनिमित्ते The augment इट् is added to a आर्धधातुक वलादि affixes after स्नु and क्रम् only then they do not occasion the taking of the personal endings of the आत्मनेपद .
  37. 7.2.37 ग्रहोऽलिटि दीर्घः The augment इट् added to वलादि आर्धधातुक affixes, becomes lengthened, except in the personal endings of the लिट् (Perfect Tense), after the root ग्रह.
  38. 7.2.38 वॄतो वा The इट् augment is optionally lengthened after वॄ , वृञ् and after roots ending in long ॠ, except in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  39. 7.2.39 न लिङि The इट् is not lengthened after वॄ , वृञ् and after roots ending in long ॠ in the endings of the Benedictive.
  40. 7.2.40 सिचि च परस्मैपदेषु The इट् is not lengthened after वॄ , वृञ् and after roots ending in long ॠ in the s-Aorist of the परस्मैपद .
  41. 7.2.41 इट् सनि वा The Desiderative स् may optionally take इट् (which is optionally lengthened also) after the said after वृ and ॠ ending roots.
  42. 7.2.42 लिङ्सिचोरात्मनेपदेषु The इट् is optionally added to endings of the आत्मनेपद Benedictive and s-Aorist, after वृ and ॠ ending roots.
  43. 7.2.43 ऋतश्च संयोगादेः The इट् is optionally added to endings of the आत्मनेपद Benedictive and s-Aorist, after a root which ends in short ऋ which is preceded by a conjunct consonant.
  44. 7.2.44 स्वरतिसूतिसूयतिधूञूदितो वा A वलादि आर्धधातुक affix optionally takes इट् after स्वृ , after the two roots सू (सूति and सूयति) after धूञ् and after a root which has an indicatory long ऊ.
  45. 7.2.45 रधादिभ्यश्च A वलादि आर्धधातुक affix optionally takes इट् after रध् and the seven roots that follow it (दिवादिगणः (4th Conjugation) 94 to 91).
  46. 7.2.46 निरः कुषः A वलादि आर्धधातुक affix optionally takes इट् after कुष् when it is preceded by निर्.
  47. 7.2.47 इण्निष्ठायाम् The augment इट् is added to the Participial affixes त and तवत् after कुष् when it is preceded by निर्.
  48. 7.2.48 तीषसहलुभरुषरिषः An आर्धधातुक affix beginning with a त may optionally take the इट् affix after the roots 1. इष् 2. सह् 3. लुभ् 4. रुष् and 5. रिष्.
  49. 7.2.49 सनीवन्तर्धभ्रस्जदम्भुश्रिस्वृयूर्णुभरज्ञपिसनाम् The Desiderative स् may optionally take the इट् augment after a root ending in इव् and after 1. ऋधु 2. भ्रस्ज 3. दम्भु 4. श्रि 5. स्वृ 6. यु 7. ऊर्णु 8. भृ 9. ज्ञप् and 10. सन्.
  50. 7.2.50 क्लिशः क्त्वानिष्ठयोः The affixes क्त्वा , क्त and क्त्वातु optionally get the इट् augment after क्लिश्.
  51. 7.2.51 पूङश्च The affixes क्त्वा , क्त and क्त्वातु optionally get the इट् augment after पू.
  52. 7.2.52 वसतिक्षुधोरिट् The affixes क्त्वा , क्त and क्त्वातु always get the इट् augment after वस् 'to dwell' and क्षुध्.
  53. 7.2.53 अञ्चेः पूजायाम् The affixes क्त्वा , क्त and क्त्वातु get the इट् augment after the root अञ्च् when meaning 'to honour or do something to show honour'.
  54. 7.2.54 लुभो विमोहने The affixes क्त्वा , क्त and क्त्वातु get the इट् augment after the root लुभ् (तुदादिगणः (6th Conjugation)) when meaning 'entangled of confused'.
  55. 7.2.55 जॄव्रश्च्योः क्त्वि The affix क्त्वा gets the इट् augment after जॄ and जॄव्रश्च्.
  56. 7.2.56 उदितो वा The affix क्त्वा optionally gets the इट् augment after a root which has an indicatory short उ.
  57. 7.2.57 सेऽसिचि कृतचृतच्छृदतृदनृतः An आर्धधातुक affix beginning with a स् (except सिच् the characteristic of s-Aorist) may optionally take the इट् augment after the verbs 1. कृत् (तुदादिगणः (6th Conjugation) and रुधादिगणः (7th Conjugation) 2. चृत् - तुदादिगणः (6th Conjugation) 3. छृद् - रुधादिगणः (7th Conjugation) 4. तृद् -- तुदादिगणः (6th Conjugation) and 5. नृत् -- दिवादिगणः (4th Conjugation).
  58. 7.2.58 गमेरिट् परस्मैपदेषु An आर्धधातुक affix beginning with स् gets the इट् augment after गम् 'to go' in the परस्मैपद .
  59. 7.2.59 न वृद्भ्यश्चतुर्भ्यः The परस्मैपद आर्धधातुक affixes beginning with स् do not get the इट् augment after वृत् and the three roots (वृध् , शृध् and स्यन्द्) that follow it.
  60. 7.2.60 तासि च कॢपः The परस्मैपद आर्धधातुक affixes beginning with स् and the affix तास् (the sign of the Periphrastic Future) do not get the इट् augment after the root कॢप्.
  61. 7.2.61 अचस्तास्वत् थल्यनिटो नित्यम् After a root which ends in a vowel and after the Periphrastic Future affix तासि is always devoid of the इट् augment (after such a root) थल् the personal ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense) तास्, does not also get the augment इट् .
  62. 7.2.62 उपदेशेऽत्वतः After a root which possesses a short अ as its root-vowel in the original enunciation (the धातुपाठ) and after which the Periphrastic Future तास् is always devoid of the augment इट् , थल् the personal-ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense), like तास् does not get the augment इट् .
  63. 7.2.63 ऋतो भारद्वाजस्य In the opinion of भारद्वाज , it is only after a root which ends in short ऋ and after which the Periphrastic Future तास् is always devoid of the augment इट् , थल् the personal-ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense), like तास् does not get the augment इट् .
  64. 7.2.64 बभूथाततन्थजगृम्भववर्थेति निगमे In the छन्दस् (Vedas) are found the irregular forms 1. बभूथ 2. आततन्थ 3. जगृम्भ 4. and 5. ववर्थ.
  65. 7.2.65 विभाषा सृजिदृशोः थल् the personal-ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense) gets the augment इट् after सृज् and दृश्.
  66. 7.2.66 इडत्त्यर्तिव्ययतीनाम् थल् the personal-ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense) gets the augment इट् after 1. अद् 2. ॠ and 3. व्यय्.
  67. 7.2.67 वस्वेकाजाद्घसाम् The Participial affix वस् gets the augment इट् only then the reduplicated root before it consists of one syllable or when it comes after a root ending in long आ and after घस्.
  68. 7.2.68 विभाषा गमहनविदविशाम् The affix वस् optionally takes इट् after 1. गम् 'to go' 2. हन् 'to kill' 3. विद् 'to know' and 4. विश् 'to enter'.
  69. 7.2.69 सनिंससनिवांसम् The form सनिवांसम् with सनि is irregularly formed.
  70. 7.2.70 ऋद्धनोः स्ये स्य the sign of Future and Conditional gets the augment इट् after a root ending in short ऋ and after हन् 'to kill'.
  71. 7.2.71 अञ्जेः सिचि The स् of the s-Aorist always takes the इट् augment after अञ्ज् - रुधादिगणः (7th Conjugation).
  72. 7.2.72 स्तुसुधूञ्भ्यः परस्मैपदेषु The सिच् of the Aorist in परस्मैपद takes the augment इट् after the roots 1. स्तु 2. सु and 3. धूञ्.
  73. 7.2.73 यमरमनमातां सक् च The सिच् of the Aorist in परस्मैपद takes the augment इट् after the roots 1. यम् 2. रम् 3. नम् and roots ending in the long आ and स् (सक्) is added at the end of these अङ्ग (stems).
  74. 7.2.74 स्मिपूङ्रञ्ज्वशां सनि The Desiderative सन् gets the augment इट् after the roots 1. स्मिङ् 2. पूङ् 3. ऋ 4. अञ्जू and 5. अशू.
  75. 7.2.75 किरश्च पञ्चभ्यः The Desiderative सन् gets the augment इट् after the root कॄ - तुदादिगणः (6th Conjugation) and the four roots that follow it.
  76. 7.2.76 रुदादिभ्यः सार्वधातुके A सार्वधातुक affix beginning with a consonant other than य gets the augment इट् after the root रुद् - रुधादिगणः (7th Conjugation) and the four that follow it.
  77. 7.2.77 ईशः से The सार्वधातुक affix से (the ending of the 2nd person Present and Imperative आत्मनेपदि) get the augment इट् after the root ईश - अदादिगणः (2nd Conjugation).
  78. 7.2.78 ईडजनोर्ध्वे च The सार्वधातुक affixes से and ध्वे (the endings of the Present and Imperative आत्मनेपदि) get the augment इट् after the roots ईड् - अदादिगणः (2nd Conjugation) and जन् 'to produce'.
  79. 7.2.79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्त्यस्य For सार्वधातुक-लिङ्लकार, the सकार which is present in the प्रत्यय but which is not present at the end of the प्रत्यय is removed.
  80. 7.2.80 अतो येयः 'या' present in the प्रत्यय of सार्वधातुक-लिङ्लकार is converted to एय् when it follows an अकार.
  81. 7.2.81 आतो ङितः For the आ being a portion of a सार्वधातुक personal-ending which is ङित् (i.e. आते , आथे and आताम् and आथाम्), coming after a verbal अङ्ग (stem) ending in a short अ , there is substituted इय् .
  82. 7.2.82 आने मुक् Before the participial ending आन , a verbal अङ्ग (stem) ending in shot अ , gets the augment मुक्.
  83. 7.2.83 ईदासः ई is substituted for the आ of आन after आस्.
  84. 7.2.84 अष्टन आ विभक्तौ The word अष्टन् gets an optional आकारादेश when followed by a हलादि विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  85. 7.2.85 रायो हलि The word 'रै' gets an आकारादेश when followed by हलादि विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  86. 7.2.86 युष्मदस्मदोरनादेशे आ is substituted for the final of युष्मद् and अस्मद् before a case-ending.
  87. 7.2.87 द्वितीयायां च आ is substituted for the final of युष्मद् and अस्मद् before the case-ending of the Accusative -2nd case.
  88. 7.2.88 प्रथमायाश्च द्विवचने भाषायाम् आ is substituted for the final of युष्मद् and अस्मद् before the case-ending of the Nominative 1st-Case dual in the secular literature.
  89. 7.2.89 योऽचि य is substituted for the final of युष्मद् and अस्मद् before a case-ending which is not a substitute and which begins with a vowel.
  90. 7.2.90 शेषे लोपः In the remaining cases where (आ or य is not substituted) there is elision of the final युष्मद् and अस्मद्.
  91. 7.2.91 मपर्यन्तस्य The substitutions taught hereafter up to प्रतयोत्तरपदयोश्च (7.2.98) take effect with regard to the portions of युष्मद् and अस्मद् up to म् i.e. the substitutes replace युष्म् and अस्म्. adhikāra
  92. 7.2.92 युवावौ द्विवचने In the dual, युव is substituted for युष्म् and आव for अस्म्.
  93. 7.2.93 यूयवयौ जसि In the Nominative 1st-Case plural यूय is substituted for युष्म् and वय for अस्म्.
  94. 7.2.94 त्वाहौ सौ In the Nominative 1st-Case singular त्व is substituted for युष्म् and अह for अस्म्.
  95. 7.2.95 तुभ्यमह्यौ ङयि In the Dative -4th Case singular तुभ्य is substituted for युष्म् and मह्य for अस्म्.
  96. 7.2.96 तवममौ ङसि In the Genitive 6th-Case singular तव is substituted for युष्म् and मम for अस्म्.
  97. 7.2.97 त्वमावेकवचने In the remaining cases of the singular त्व is substituted for युष्म् and म for अस्म्.
  98. 7.2.98 प्रत्ययोत्तरपदयोश्च त्व is substituted for युष्म् and म for अस्म् when they signify a single individual, even when an affix follows or a word is in composition.
  99. 7.2.99 त्रिचतुरोः स्त्रियां तिसृचतसृ The words त्रि and चतुर् are respectively converted to तिसृ and चतसृ to indicate the feminine property, when followed by a विभक्ति-प्रत्यय
  100. 7.2.100 अचि र ऋतः The ऋकार of the words तिसृ and चतसृ is converted to रेफ when followed by an अजादि-विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  101. 7.2.101 जराया जरसन्यतरस्याम् The word जरा is optionally converted to the word जरस् when followed by an अजादि विभक्ति.
  102. 7.2.102 त्यदादीनामः The words of त्यदादिगण get an अकारादेश when followed by a विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  103. 7.2.103 किमः कः The word किम् is converted to 'क' in presence of a विभक्ति प्रत्यय.
  104. 7.2.104 कु तिहोः The word किम् is converted to कु when followed by a विभक्तिप्रत्यय that begins with a शब्दस्य तकार or a हकार.
  105. 7.2.105 क्वाति The word किम् is converted to क्व when followed by the विभक्तिप्रत्यय 'अत्'.
  106. 7.2.106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः For the words of त्यदादिगण, a तकार or a दकार which is not at end of the word is converted to सकार when followed by the सुँ-प्रत्यय.
  107. 7.2.107 अदस औ सुलोपश्च The word अदस् gets an 'औ' आदेशः when followed by the सुँ-प्रत्यय, and the सुँ-प्रत्यय is removed.
  108. 7.2.108 इदमो मः The word इदम् gets a मकारादेश when followed by the सुँ-प्रत्यय.
  109. 7.2.109 दश्च The दकार of the word इदम् is converted to a मकार when followed by a विभक्तिप्रत्यय.
  110. 7.2.110 यः सौ The दकार of the word इदम् is converted to यकार when followed by the सुँ-प्रत्यय.
  111. 7.2.111 इदोऽय् पुंसि In पुंलिङ्ग, the 'इद्' part of the word 'इदम्' is converted to 'अय्' when followed by the सुँ-प्रत्यय.
  112. 7.2.112 अनाप्यकः The 'इद्' part of the word 'इदम्' is converted to अन् when followed by a विभक्तिप्रत्यय of तृतीया to सप्तमी. But this conversion does not happen if the word इदम् has a ककार in it.
  113. 7.2.113 हलि लोपः The 'इद्' part of the word 'इदम्' is removed when followed by a हलादि विभक्तिप्रत्यय of तृतीया to सप्तमी. But this conversion does not happen if the word इदम् has a ककार in it.
  114. 7.2.114 मृजेर्वृद्धिः The verb root मृज् undergoes a वृद्धि.
  115. 7.2.115 अचो ञ्णिति An अजन्त अङ्ग undergoes वृद्धि when followed by a णित् or a ञित् प्रत्यय.
  116. 7.2.116 अत उपधायाः The उपधा-अकार of an अङ्ग undergoes a वृद्धिः when followed by a णित् or a ञित् प्रत्यय.
  117. 7.2.117 तद्धितेष्वचामादेः When followed by a णित् / ञित् तद्धित-प्रत्यय, the आदि-स्वर of the अङ्ग undergoes a वृद्धि.
  118. 7.2.118 किति च When followed by a कित् तद्धित-प्रत्यय, the आदि-स्वर of the अङ्ग undergoes a वृद्धि.

Pāda 7.3 guṇa; noun stems before endings

Taddhita vṛddhi variants (7.3.1–31); k/g for c/j (7.3.52); gam → gacch (7.3.77); guṇa before affixes (7.3.84); stem changes before case endings (7.3.102 lengthening, 7.3.103 -e-, 7.3.119). map →

  1. 7.3.1 देविकाशिंशपादित्यवाड्दीर्घसत्रश्रेयसामात् When a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् follows, आ is substituted instead of वृद्धि for the first vowels of the following - 1. देविका 2. शिंशपा 3. दित्यवाट् 4. दीर्घसत्र and 5. श्रेयस.
  2. 7.3.2 केकयमित्त्रयुप्रलयानां यादेरियः Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is not substituted for the first vowel in a compound when it follows a word ending in य् or व् but ऐ and औ are respectively placed before the semi-vowels.
  3. 7.3.3 न य्वाभ्यां पदान्ताभ्याम् पूर्वौ तु ताभ्यामैच् Before a तद्धित affix with an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is not substituted for the first vowel in a compound when it follows a word ending in य् or व् but ऐ and औ are respectively placed before the semi-vowels.
  4. 7.3.4 द्वारादीनां च Before a तद्धित affix with an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is not substituted for the first vowel after य् or व् but ऐ and औ are respectively placed before the semi-vowels in द्वार etc.
  5. 7.3.5 न्यग्रोधस्य च केवलस्य ऐ is placed before the य् of न्यग्रोध instead of वृद्धि when the word stands alone and is not a member of a compound and is followed by a तद्धित affix with the indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  6. 7.3.6 न कर्मव्यतिहारे The prohibition and the augment ordained by न य्वाभ्यां पदान्ताभ्याम् पूर्वौ तु ताभ्यामैच् (7.3.3), do not apply to a word which expresses the reciprocity of an action.
  7. 7.3.7 स्वागतादीनां च The prohibition and the augment ordained by न य्वाभ्यां पदान्ताभ्याम् पूर्वौ तु ताभ्यामैच् (7.3.3), do not apply also to स्वागत etc.
  8. 7.3.8 श्वादेरिञि A compound beginning with श्वन् and followed by the तद्धित affix इञ् is not governed by the prohibition nor takes the augment taught in द्वारादीनां च (7.3.4).
  9. 7.3.9 पदान्तस्यान्यतरस्याम् The sūtra द्वारादीनां च (7.3.4) is optionally applied to श्वन् followed by पद.
  10. 7.3.10 उत्तरपदस्य This is an अधिकार, which spans till 'यथातथयथापुरयोः पर्यायेण' 7.3.31. Whatever is being told in this अधिकार happens only to an उत्तरपद. adhikāra
  11. 7.3.11 अवयवादृतोः Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowel of a word denoting season when it is preceded by a word denoting a part.
  12. 7.3.12 सुसर्वार्धाज्जनपदस्य After 1. सु 2. सर्व and 3. अर्ध the first vowel of the name of a country gets the वृद्धि when a तद्धित affix with an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् follows.
  13. 7.3.13 दिशोऽमद्राणाम् After a word denoting direction, the first vowel of the name of a country with the exception of मद्र gets वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  14. 7.3.14 प्राचां ग्रामनगराणाम् After a word denoting direction, the first vowel of the name of a village or city in the land of the Eastern people, gets the वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  15. 7.3.15 संख्यायाः संवत्सरसंख्यस्य च After a numeral, the first vowel of संवत्सर and of a numeral, gets वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  16. 7.3.16 वर्षस्याभविष्यति After a numeral, the first vowel of वर्ष gets वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् when the affix does not refer to a Future time.
  17. 7.3.17 परिमाणान्तस्यासंज्ञाशाणयोः After a numeral, the first vowel of a word denoting mass in its widest sense (with the exception of शाण) gets the वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् when the word so formed does not mean a Name.
  18. 7.3.18 जे प्रोष्ठपदानाम् In प्रोष्ठपद and its synonyms, the first vowel of the second member gets the वृद्धि before a तद्धित affix meaning 'born in that time' and having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  19. 7.3.19 हृद्भगसिन्ध्वन्ते पूर्वपदस्य च The वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowels of both (the first and second) members in a compound ending with 1. हृद् 2. भग and 3. सिन्धु before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  20. 7.3.20 अनुशतिकादीनां च Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् , the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowel of both members of the compounds अनुशतिका etc.
  21. 7.3.21 देवताद्वन्द्वे च Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् , the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowels of both members of द्वन्द समास of the names of देवता-s.
  22. 7.3.22 नेन्द्रस्य परस्य But the वृद्धि of the first vowel of इन्द्र when it stands as the second member of a द्वन्द समास , does not take place before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् .
  23. 7.3.23 दीर्घाच्च वरुणस्य Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् in a द्वन्द समास of god-names, the वृद्धि is not substituted for the first vowel of वरुण when a long vowel precedes it.
  24. 7.3.24 प्राचां नगरान्ते Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowels of both members of the compound which is the name of a city of the Eastern people and which ends in the word नगर.
  25. 7.3.25 जङ्गलधेनुवलजान्तस्य विभाषितमुत्तरम् Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowel of the compound ending in 1. जङ्गल 2. धेनु and 3. बलज and optionally for the first vowel of these second members also.
  26. 7.3.26 अर्धात् परिमाणस्य पूर्वस्य तु वा Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowel of the second member, denoting a mass in its widest sense when the word अर्ध precedes it, but optionally for the first vowel of अर्ध.
  27. 7.3.27 नातः परस्य When the first vowel of the second member preceded by अर्ध and denoting mass is short अ before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् and optionally so for the first vowel of the first member (i.e. अर्ध).
  28. 7.3.28 प्रवाहणस्य ढे Before the affix ढ (एय), the वृद्धि is substituted for the first vowel of the second member of प्रवाहण but optionally so for the first member (i.e. प्र).
  29. 7.3.29 तत्प्रत्ययस्य च Even so from a new derivative from this stem ending in ढ, formed with a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् there is वृद्धि substitution for the first vowel of the second member and optionally for the first vowel of the first member in प्रवाहणेय and प्रावाहणेय.
  30. 7.3.30 नञः शुचीश्वरक्षेत्रज्ञकुशलनिपुणानाम् Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् , the वृद्धि is always substituted for the first vowel of 1. शुचि 2. ईश्वर 3. क्षेत्रज्ञ 4. कुशल and 4. निपुण when preceded by the Negative particle, but this substitution is optional for the vowel of the Negative particles.
  31. 7.3.31 यथातथयथापुरयोः पर्यायेण Before a तद्धित affix having an indicatory ञ् , ण् or क् , the words यथातथ and यथापुर may have वृद्धि of the first vowel of their first member or that of the second member, in alteration.
  32. 7.3.32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः त् is substituted for the न् of the root हन् 'to kill' before an affix with a indicatory ञ् or ण् which also causes वृद्धि of the penultimate अ , but the augment is not added before the Aorist sign nor before the Personal ending णल् of the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  33. 7.3.33 आतो युक् चिण्कृतोः A root-अङ्ग (stem) ending in आ gets the augment युक् (य्) before the Aorist sign चिण् which causes also the वृद्धि of the root-vowel.
  34. 7.3.34 नोदात्तोपदेशस्य मान्तस्यानाचमेः The वृद्धि is not substituted before the Aorist sign चिण् or a कृत् affix with an indicatory ञ् or ण् for the vowel of that root which ends in म and is acutely accented (उदात्त) in its original enunciation (धातुपाठ), but not so in चम् after आ.
  35. 7.3.35 जनिवध्योश्च The वृद्धि is not substituted for the vowels of जन् 'to produce' and वधे before the Aorist sign चिण् and the कृत् affixes with an indicatory ञ् or ण् .
  36. 7.3.36 अर्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ The augment पुक् (प्) is added to the roots 1. ऋ 2. ह्री 3. व्ली 4. री 5. क्नुय् 6. क्ष्माय and to a root ending in long आ when the affix णि (the Causative) follows.
  37. 7.3.37 शाच्छासाह्वाव्यावेपां युक् The augment युक् (य्) is added to the verbal stems 1. शा 2. छा 3. सा 4. ह्वा 5. वे and 6. पा before the affix णि (Causative).
  38. 7.3.38 वो विधूनने जुक् वा gets the augment जुक् (ज्) before the affix णि when the Causative has the sense of 'shaking'.
  39. 7.3.39 लीलोर्नुग्लुकावन्यतरस्यां स्नेहविपातने The roots ली and ला optionally get नुक् and लुक् augment respectively before the affix णि when the Causative means 'the melting of a fatty substance'.
  40. 7.3.40 भियो हेतुभये षुक् The augment षुक् is added to the root भी before the affix णि when fear is caused immediately owing to the agent of the Causative.
  41. 7.3.41 स्फायो वः For the final of the stem स्फाय् is substituted व् in the Causative.
  42. 7.3.42 शदेरगतौ तः For the final of शद् is substituted त् in the Causative, when it does not mean 'to drive'.
  43. 7.3.43 रुहः पोऽन्यतरस्याम् प् may optionally be substituted for the final of रुह् 'to mount' in the Causative.
  44. 7.3.44 प्रत्ययस्थात् कात् पूर्वस्यात इदाप्यसुपः इ is substituted for the अ which stands before the क् belonging to an affix when the feminine ending आ follows, provided that, it does not come after a case-affix (i.e. when such a word in अक does not stand at the end of a बहुव्रीहि समास).
  45. 7.3.45 न यासयोः The इ is not substituted for the अ of य् and स् with the augment क् when the feminine आ follows.
  46. 7.3.46 उदीचामातः स्थाने यकपूर्वायाः According to the opinion of Northern Grammarians इ is not substituted for that अ which is obtained by shortening the long आ of the feminine (under sūtra केऽणः (7.4.13) before the affix क) which is preceded by य् or a क्.
  47. 7.3.47 भस्त्रैषाऽजाज्ञाद्वास्वानञ्पूर्वाणामपि According to the opinion of Northern Grammarians इ is not substituted for that अ which is obtained by shortening the long आ of the feminine (under sūtra केऽणः (7.4.13)) of 1. भस्त्रा 2. एषा 3. अजा 4. ज्ञा 5. द्वा -- त्यदादीनामः (7.2.102), and 6. स्वा even not then when the negative particle precedes them.
  48. 7.3.48 अभाषितपुंस्काच्च According to the opinion of Northern Grammarians इ is not substituted for that अ which is obtained by shortening the long आ of the feminine (under sūtra केऽणः (7.4.13)) when to the feminine in long आ there is no equivalent masculine, even when the negative particle precedes.
  49. 7.3.49 आदाचार्याणाम् According to the opinion of other Teachers, आ is substituted for the which is obtained by shortening the long आ of the feminine (under sūtra केऽणः (7.4.13)) of a word which has no corresponding masculine form.
  50. 7.3.50 ठस्येकः A ठकार present at the beginning of a प्रत्यय is converted to 'इक्'.
  51. 7.3.51 इसुसुक्तान्तात् कः A ठकार present at the beginning of a प्रत्यय is converted to 'क्' for an इस्-प्रत्ययान्त अङ्ग, उस्-प्रत्ययान्त अङ्ग, उक्-वर्णान्त अङ्ग and तकारान्त अङ्ग.
  52. 7.3.52 चजोः कु घिण्ण्यतोः For the final च् or ज् of a root, there is substituted a corresponding guttural, before an affix having an indicatory ध् and before ण्यत्.
  53. 7.3.53 न्यङ्क्वादीनां च The guttural is substituted in न्यङ्क्वु etc..
  54. 7.3.54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु The हकार of the verb हन् undergoes कुत्वम् in presence of (1) a ञित्-प्रत्यय, (2) a णित्-प्रत्यय, (3) a नकार.
  55. 7.3.55 अभ्यासाच्च A guttural is substituted for the ह् in हन् 'to kill' after reduplication also.
  56. 7.3.56 हेरचङि A guttural is substituted for the ह् of हि (हिनोति) after a reduplication, but not in the reduplicated Aorist.
  57. 7.3.57 सन्लिटोर्जेः ज् in जि 'to conquer' after a reduplication before the Desiderative affix सन् and in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  58. 7.3.58 विभाषा चेः A guttural is optionally substituted for the च् of चि 'to collect' after a reduplication in Desiderative and लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  59. 7.3.59 न क्वादेः A guttural is not substituted for the final च् or ज् of a root which begins with a guttural, before the affix having an indicatory ध् and before ण्यत्.
  60. 7.3.60 अजिव्रज्योश्च A guttural is not substituted for the final ज् of अज् and व्रज् before an affix having an indicatory ध् and before ण्यत्.
  61. 7.3.61 भुजन्युब्जौ पाण्युपतापयोः भुज 'an arm' and न्युब्ज 'a kind of bodily disease' are irregularly formed without any change of their ज् before घञ्.
  62. 7.3.62 प्रयाजानुयाजौ यज्ञाङ्गे प्रयाज and अनुयाज are irregularly formed with घञ् when meaning 'a portion of a sacrificial offering'.
  63. 7.3.63 वञ्चेर्गतौ A guttural is not substituted for the palatal of वञ्च् in the sense of 'going'.
  64. 7.3.64 ओक उचः के ओक is irregularly formed from the root उच् with the affix क (अ).
  65. 7.3.65 ण्य आवश्यके A guttural is not substituted for the palatal before the affix ण्य when it means 'to do as absolute necessity'.
  66. 7.3.66 यजयाचरुचप्रवचर्चश्च A guttural is not substituted for the final palatals of 1. यज् 2. याच् 3. रुच् 4. प्र-वच् and 5. ऋच् before the affix ण्यत्.
  67. 7.3.67 वचोऽशब्दसंज्ञायाम् A guttural is not substituted for the final of वच् before ण्यत् when it does not mean 'a word or speech'.
  68. 7.3.68 प्रयोज्यनियोज्यौ शक्यार्थे प्रयोज्य and नियोज्य preserve their palatal in the sense of 'capable to do this'.
  69. 7.3.69 भोज्यं भक्ष्ये भोज्य preserves its palatal in the sense of 'eatable'.
  70. 7.3.70 घोर्लोपो लेटि वा The final of दा and धा (धु roots) may optionally be elided in the लेट् (Vedic Subjunctive).
  71. 7.3.71 ओतः श्यनि A अङ्ग (stem) ending in ओ loses its final before the Present characteristic श्यन् of the दिवादिगणः (4th Conjugation).
  72. 7.3.72 क्सस्याचि The अ of the Aorist characteristic कस् is elided before an affix beginning with a vowel.
  73. 7.3.73 लुग्वा दुहदिहलिहगुहामात्मनेपदे दन्त्ये The whole of the affix कस् is optionally elided before the personal endings of आत्मनेपद beginning with a dental, after 1. दुह् 2. दिह् 3. लिह् and 4. गुह्.
  74. 7.3.74 शमामष्टानां दीर्घः श्यनि Before the Present characteristic श्यन् , a long is substituted for the root-vowel in शम् and the seven roots that follow it.
  75. 7.3.75 ष्ठिवुक्लमुचमां शिति Before any other Present character (शित्) the root vowel of 1. ष्ठिव् 2. क्लम् and 3.आ-चम् is lengthened.
  76. 7.3.76 क्रमः परस्मैपदेषु The long is substituted in क्रम् before a शित् affix, in the परस्मैपद .
  77. 7.3.77 इषुगमियमां छः छ् is substituted for the final of 1. इष् 2. गम् and 3. यम् before a Present-character (शित्).
  78. 7.3.78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः Before a Present-character (शित्) the following substitutions take place - 1. पिब् for पा 2. जिघ्र for घ्रा 3. धम् for ध्मा 4. तिष्ठ् for स्था 5. मन् for म्ना 6. यछ् for दा (दाण्) 7. पश्य for दृश् 8. ऋच्छ् for ऋ 9. धौ for सृ 10. शीय् for शद् and 11. सीद् for सद्.
  79. 7.3.79 ज्ञाजनोर्जा Before a शित् affix, जा is substituted for ज्ञा and जन्.
  80. 7.3.80 प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः A short is substituted for पू etc. before a शित् affix.
  81. 7.3.81 मीनातेर्निगमे In the छन्दस् (Vedas) मी is shortened before a शित् affix.
  82. 7.3.82 मिदेर्गुणः For इ in मिद् there is substituted a गुण before a शित् affix.
  83. 7.3.83 जुसि च Before a personal ending जुस् (उस्) of the Imperfect, गुण is substituted for the final 1. इ 2. ई 3. उ. 4. ऊ 5. ऋ 6. ॠ and 7. ऌ.
  84. 7.3.84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः When followed by an सार्वधातुक or an आर्धधातुक प्रत्यय, an इगन्त अङ्ग gets a गुणादेश.
  85. 7.3.85 जाग्रोऽविचिण्णल्ङित्सु The गुण is substituted for the ऋ of the अङ्ग (stem) जागृ , except before the affix वि , before the Aorist character (चिण्) before the personal ending णल् of the लिट् (Perfect Tense) and before an affix with an indicatory ङ्.
  86. 7.3.86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च When followed by a सार्वधातुक or an आर्धधातुक प्रत्यय, a पुगन्त अङ्ग and a लघूपध अङ्ग get a गुणादेश.
  87. 7.3.87 नाभ्यस्तस्याचि पिति सार्वधातुके The गुण is not substituted for the penultimate light इक् vowel in the reduplicated form of a root, before a सार्वधातुक affix beginning with a vowel and having an indicatory प्.
  88. 7.3.88 भूसुवोस्तिङि For the verbs भू and सु, the अङ्ग does not undergo a गुण when followed by a सार्वधातुक तिङ्-प्रत्यय.
  89. 7.3.89 उतो वृद्धिर्लुकि हलि A root ending in short उ , which has no Present characteristic (i.e. the विकरण is dropped by लुक् elision) gets वृद्धि before a पित् सार्वधातुक affix beginning with a consonant, but not if the अङ्ग (stem) is reduplicated.
  90. 7.3.90 ऊर्णोतेर्विभाषा Before a पित् सार्वधातुक affix beginning with a consonant, the final उ of ऊर्णु optionally gets वृद्धि .
  91. 7.3.91 गुणोऽपृक्ते Before a पित् सार्वधातुक affix which is a single consonant, गुण is substituted for the final of ऊर्णु .
  92. 7.3.92 तृणह इम् Before a पित् सार्वधातुक affix beginning with a consonant, इ is added after अ of the verbal stem तृणह्.
  93. 7.3.93 ब्रुव ईट् A सार्वधातुक पित् प्रत्यय which begins with a हल्-letter gets ईट् आगम when attached to the verb ब्रू.
  94. 7.3.94 यङो वा A हलादि-पित्-सार्वधातुकप्रत्यय attached to a यङ्-प्रत्ययान्त-अङ्ग gets ईडागम optionally.
  95. 7.3.95 तुरुस्तुशम्यमः सार्वधातुके A हलादि सार्वधातुक तिङ् प्रत्यय optionally gets an ईट् आगम when it is attached to the verbs तु, रु, स्तु, शम्, अम्
  96. 7.3.96 अस्तिसिचोऽपृक्ते A सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय which contains only one हल् letter (and no अच् letter) gets an 'ईट्' आगम when it follows either the अस् धातु or the सिच्-प्रत्यय.
  97. 7.3.97 बहुलं छन्दसि In the context of vedas - a सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय which contains only one हल् letter (and no अच् letter) might or might not get an 'ईट्' आगम when it follows either the अस् धातु or the सिच्-प्रत्यय.
  98. 7.3.98 रुदश्च पञ्चभ्यः A सार्वधातुक-पित्-अपृक्त-हल्-प्रत्यय that follows the verbs रुद्, स्वप् , श्वस्, प्रण्, जक्ष् gets an ईट् आगम.
  99. 7.3.99 अड्गार्ग्यगालवयोः A सार्वधातुक-पित्-अपृक्त-हल्-प्रत्यय that follows the verbs रुद्, स्वप् , श्वस्, प्रण्, जक्ष् optionally gets an अट् आगम.
  100. 7.3.100 अदः सर्वेषाम् A सार्वधातुक-अपृक्त-प्रत्यय that follows the verb अद् gets an अट् आगम.
  101. 7.3.101 अतो दीर्घो यञि The last letter of an अदन्त अङ्ग becomes दीर्घ when followed by a यञादि सार्वधातुक प्रत्यय.
  102. 7.3.102 सुपि च The last letter of an अदन्त अङ्ग becomes दीर्घ when followed by a यञादि सुप्-प्रत्यय.
  103. 7.3.103 बहुवचने झल्येत् The last letter of an अदन्त अङ्ग gets an एकारादेश when followed by a सुप्-प्रत्यय which begins with a झल letter and which represents बहुवचन.
  104. 7.3.104 ओसि च An अदन्त अङ्ग gets a एकारादेश in presence of the ओस्-प्रत्यय.
  105. 7.3.105 आङि चापः An आबन्त अङ्ग gets एकारादेश in presence of the ओस् and टा प्रत्यय.
  106. 7.3.106 सम्बुद्धौ च An आबन्त अङ्ग gets an एकारादेश in presence of the सुँ-प्रत्यय of सम्बोधन-एकवचन.
  107. 7.3.107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः For the words that are used with the meaning same as अम्बा, and for the words that get the नदीसंज्ञा, the अङ्ग get a ह्रस्वादेश in presence of सुँ-प्रत्यय of सम्बोधन-एकवचन.
  108. 7.3.108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः If an अङ्ग ends in ह्रस्व letter, that ह्रस्व letter gets a गुणादेश in presence of the सुँ-प्रत्यय of सम्बोधन एकवचन.
  109. 7.3.109 जसि च If an अङ्ग ends in ह्रस्व letter, that ह्रस्व letter gets a गुणादेश in presence of the जस्-प्रत्यय.
  110. 7.3.110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः The last letter of a ऋदन्त word is replaced by अर् in presence of - (a) ङि-प्रत्यय and (b) a प्रत्यय that is also a सर्वनामस्थान.
  111. 7.3.111 घेर्ङिति A घि-संज्ञक अङ्ग gets a गुणादेश in presence of a ङित्-प्रत्यय.
  112. 7.3.112 आण्नद्याः A ङित्-प्रत्यय that comes after a नदीसंज्ञक अङ्ग get an आट् आगम.
  113. 7.3.113 याडापः A ङित्-प्रत्यय that comes after an आबन्त word get a याट् आगम.
  114. 7.3.114 सर्वनाम्नः स्याड्ढ्रस्वश्च A ङित्-प्रत्यय that comes after an सर्वनामसंज्ञक आबन्त word get a स्याट् आगम, and the आबन्त अङ्ग gets a ह्रस्वादेश.
  115. 7.3.115 विभाषा द्वितीयातृतीयाभ्याम् A ङित्-प्रत्यय that comes after the words द्वितीया and तृतीया optionally get a स्याट् आगम, and अङ्ग becomes ह्रस्व when such an आगम happens.
  116. 7.3.116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः The ङि-प्रत्यय gets आमादेश when it comes after - (a) a नदीसंज्ञक word, (b) an आबन्त word, and (c) a word that ends in 'नी'.
  117. 7.3.117 इदुद्भ्याम् The ङि-प्रत्यय gets आमादेश when it comes after a ह्रस्व-इकारान्त or ह्रस्व-उकारान्त नदीसंज्ञक word.
  118. 7.3.118 औत् The ङि-प्रत्यय gets औ आदेश when it comes after a ह्रस्व-इकारान्त or ह्रस्व-उकारान्त word.
  119. 7.3.119 अच्च घेः The ङि-प्रत्यय that comes after a घिसंज्ञक इकारान्त/उकारान्त word gets औ-आदेश, and the भवति, and the last letter of the घिसंज्ञक अङ्ग gets an अकारादेश .
  120. 7.3.120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् The आङ्-प्रत्यय that comes after a non-feminine घिसंज्ञक अङ्ग is converted to 'ना'.

Pāda 7.4 Causative aorist; the reduplicated syllable

Shortening in the causative aorist (7.4.1), various stem substitutions, then under 7.4.58 the shape of the reduplicated syllable: short vowel (7.4.59), only the first consonant kept (7.4.60), k → c (7.4.62). map →

  1. 7.4.1 णौ चङ्युपधाया ह्रस्वः A short is substituted for the vowel, standing in a penultimate position, the Causative अङ्ग (stem), when the affix चङ् (sign of the Reduplicate Aorist of the Causatives) follows.
  2. 7.4.2 नाग्लोपिशास्वृदिताम् The shortening of the penultimate of the stem, before the causative affix in the reduplicated Aorist, does not take place, when it is a (Denominative) अङ्ग (stem), which has lost a simple (end vowel of the Nominal stem) before the Causative sign and also not, when it is the verb शास् , or a root which has an indicatory ऋ.
  3. 7.4.3 भ्राजभासभाषदीपजीवमीलपीडामन्यतरस्याम् The shortening of the penultimate of the Causative अङ्ग (stem) in the reduplicated Aorist, is optional in the following - 1. भ्राज् 2. भास् 3. भाष् 4. दीप् 5. जीव् 6. मील् and 7. पीड् .
  4. 7.4.4 लोपः पिबतेरीच्चाभ्यासस्य The penultimate vowel in the Causative अङ्ग (stem) पा 'to drink' is elided in the Aorist and for the vowel of the reduplicate there is substituted long ई.
  5. 7.4.5 तिष्ठतेरित् Short इ is substituted for the penultimate vowel of the Causative अङ्ग (stem) स्था in the Aorist.
  6. 7.4.6 जिघ्रतेर्वा Short इ is optionally substituted for the penultimate vowel of the Causative अङ्ग (stem) of घ्रा in the Aorist.
  7. 7.4.7 उर्ऋत् Short ऋ is optionally substituted for the penultimate ऋ and ॠ of a Causative अङ्ग (stem) in the reduplicated Aorist.
  8. 7.4.8 नित्यं छन्दसि Short ऋ is invariably substituted in the छन्दस् (Vedas) for the penultimate ऋ or ॠ of a Causative अङ्ग (stem) in the reduplicated Aorist.
  9. 7.4.9 दयतेर्दिगि लिटि दिगि is substituted for दे (दयते) in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  10. 7.4.10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः A root ending in short ऋ and preceded by a conjunct consonant gets गुण in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  11. 7.4.11 ऋच्छत्यॄताम् There is गुण in the लिट् (Perfect Tense) of 1. ऋच्छ् 2. ॠ and roots ending in long ॠ.
  12. 7.4.12 शॄदॄप्रां ह्रस्वो वा In 1. शॄ 'to injure' 2. दॄ 'to tear' and 3. पॄ 'to protect'-- all belonging to क्र्यादिगणः (9th Conjugation), the vowel may be optionally shortened in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  13. 7.4.13 केऽणः Before the affix क the preceding आ , ई and ऊ are shortened.
  14. 7.4.14 न कपि But before the समासान्त affix कप् coming after बहुव्रीहि समास , the अण् vowels are not shortened.
  15. 7.4.15 आपोऽन्यतरस्याम् Optionally the feminine अङ्ग (stem) in आ is not shortened before the affix कप्.
  16. 7.4.16 ऋदृशोऽङि गुणः गुण is substituted for the vowel of the root before the affix अङ् in the roots ending in ऋ or ॠ as well as दृश् 'to see'.
  17. 7.4.17 अस्यतेस्थुक् The अङ्ग (stem) अस् 'to be' (अस्यते) gets the augment थुक् before this Aorist अङ्.
  18. 7.4.18 श्वयतेरः The अ is substituted for the final of श्वि in the Aorist अङ्.
  19. 7.4.19 पतः पुम् The augment प् is added after the vowel of a root पत् 'to fall' in the Aorist अङ्.
  20. 7.4.20 वच उम् The augment उ is added after the अ of वच् in the Aorist अङ्.
  21. 7.4.21 शीङः सार्वधातुके गुणः For the vowel of शी there is substituted गुण when a सार्वधातुक affix follows.
  22. 7.4.22 अयङ् यि क्ङिति Before an affix beginning with a य् and having an indicatory क् or ङ् there is substituted अय् for the ई of शी.
  23. 7.4.23 उपसर्गाद्ध्रस्व ऊहतेः The short is substituted for the ऊ of ऊह् when a preposition precedes it and an affix beginning with य् with an indicatory क् or ङ् follows.
  24. 7.4.24 एतेर्लिङि The short is substituted for the vowel of the अङ्ग (stem) इ (एति) before the augment यास् in the Benedictive, when a preposition precedes it.
  25. 7.4.25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः A long is substituted for the final vowel of the अङ्ग (stem) before an affix beginning with य् having an indicatory क् or ङ् , when it is not a कृत् or a सार्वधातुक affix.
  26. 7.4.26 च्वौ च A long is substituted for the final vowel of the अङ्ग (stem) before the Adverbial affix च्वि -- अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः (5.4.50).
  27. 7.4.27 रीङ् ऋतः री is substituted for the final short ऋ of a अङ्ग (stem) before an affix beginning with य् when it is not a कृत् or a सार्वधातुक affix and the Adverbial affix च्वि -- अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः (5.4.50).
  28. 7.4.28 रिङ् शयग्लिङ्क्षु A ऋकारान्त-धातु get a रिङ्-आदेश in presence of 'श' प्रत्यय, यक्-प्रत्यय and आशीर्लिङ् लकार.
  29. 7.4.29 गुणोऽर्तिसंयोगाद्योः गुण is substituted for the final ऋ in the root ऋ (अर्ति) and in those roots ending in ऋ in which the vowel is preceded by a conjunct consonant, when the Passive character यक् or the Benedictive augment यास् follows.
  30. 7.4.30 यङि च गुण is substituted for the final ऋ in those roots ending in ऋ in which the vowel is preceded by a conjunct consonant, when the Intensive character यङ् follows.
  31. 7.4.31 ई घ्राध्मोः Long ई is substituted for the vowel of the roots 1. घ्रा and 2. ध्मा in the Intensive.
  32. 7.4.32 अस्य च्वौ Long ई is substituted for the final of अ or आ of a Nominal stem, before the Adverbial affix च्वि -- अभूततद्भावे कृभ्वस्तियोगे सम्पद्यकर्तरि च्विः (5.4.50).
  33. 7.4.33 क्यचि च Long ई is substituted for the final of अ or आ of a Nominal stem, before the Denominative affix क्यच् .
  34. 7.4.34 अशनायोदन्यधनाया बुभुक्षापिपासागर्द्धेषु The Denominative roots 1. अशनाय 2. उदन्य and 3. धनाय are irregularly formed when they respectively mean 1. 'to be hungry' 2. 'to be thirsty' and 3. 'to be greedy'.
  35. 7.4.35 न च्छन्दस्यपुत्रस्य In the छन्दस् (Vedas) the above rules causing lengthening or the substitution of long ई for the final vowel of the अङ्ग (stem), do not apply, except in the case of पुत्र.
  36. 7.4.36 दुरस्युर्द्रविणस्युर्वृषण्यतिरिषण्यति In the छन्दस् (Vedas) 1. दुरस्यु 2. द्रविणस्यु 3. वृषण्यति and 4. रिषण्यति are irregularly formed
  37. 7.4.37 अश्वाघस्यात् In the छन्दस् (Vedas) long आ is substituted for the final of 1. अश्व and 2. अघ before the Denominative क्यच् .
  38. 7.4.38 देवसुम्नयोर्यजुषि काठके Long आ is substituted for the final of देव and सुम्न before the Denominative क्यच् in यजुष काठक.
  39. 7.4.39 कव्यध्वरपृतनस्यर्चि लोपः In the ऋग् वेद the final of 1. कवि 2. अध्वर and 3. पृतना is dropped before the Denominative affix क्यच् .
  40. 7.4.40 द्यतिस्यतिमास्थामित्ति किति Short इ is substituted for the final of 1. दो 2. सो 3. मा and 4. स्था before an affix beginning with त् and having an indicatory क् .
  41. 7.4.41 शाच्छोरन्यतरस्याम् Short इ is optionally substituted for the final of 1. शा (शो) and 2. छा (छो) before an affix beginning with त् and having an indicatory क् .
  42. 7.4.42 दधातेर्हिः हि is optionally substituted for धा (दधाति) before an affix beginning with त् and having an indicatory क् .
  43. 7.4.43 जहातेश्च क्त्वि हि is optionally substituted for हा (जहाति) before क्त्वा.
  44. 7.4.44 विभाषा छन्दसि हि is optionally substituted for हा (जहाति) before क्त्वा in the छन्दस् (Vedas).
  45. 7.4.45 सुधितवसुधितनेमधितधिष्वधिषीय च These five Vedic forms are irregularly formed - 1. सुधित 2. वसुधित 3. नेमधित 4. धिष्व and 3. धिषीय.
  46. 7.4.46 दो दद् घोः For दा , when it is a घु - दाधा घ्वदाप् (1.1.20), there is substituted दद् before a कित् affix beginning with त् .
  47. 7.4.47 अच उपसर्गात्तः त् is substituted for the घु - दाधा घ्वदाप् (1.1.20), before a कित् affix beginning with त when a preposition ending in a vowel preceded it.
  48. 7.4.48 अपो भि त् is substituted for the final of the अङ्ग (stem) अप् before a case-ending beginning with भ्.
  49. 7.4.49 सः स्यार्द्धधातुके A सकारान्त अङ्ग gets a तकारादेश When followed by a सकारादि-आर्धधातुक प्रत्यय.
  50. 7.4.50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः The सकार of तास् प्रत्यय and the verb root अस् is removed when followed by सकार.
  51. 7.4.51 रि च The last letter (सकार) of the तास्-प्रत्यय is removed when followed by a रेफ.
  52. 7.4.52 ह एति The स् of तास् (the character of the second future) and अस् 'to be' is substituted ह् before the personal-ending ए.
  53. 7.4.53 यीवर्णयोर्दीधीवेव्योः The final of दीधी and वेवी falls before an affix beginning with य् , इ or ई.
  54. 7.4.54 सनि मीमाघुरभलभशकपतपदामच इस् इस् is substituted for the root-vowel of 1. मी 2. मा 3. धा (घु) 4. रभ् 5. लभ् 6. शक् 7. पत् 8. पद् and 9. दा when the Desiderative सन् follows beginning with स् (i.e. not taking the augment इ) follows.
  55. 7.4.55 आप्ज्ञप्यृधामीत् For the vowel of the roots 1. आप् 2. ज्ञपि and 3. ऋध् there is substituted long ई before सन् of the Desiderative when it begins with स्.
  56. 7.4.56 दम्भ इच्च For the vowel of the root दम्भ् there is substituted इ as well as ई before सन् of the Desiderative when it begins with स्.
  57. 7.4.57 मुचोऽकर्मकस्य गुणो वा When मुच् has an Intransitive signification गुण is optionally substituted for its vowel before the अनिट् सन् of the Desiderative.
  58. 7.4.58 अत्र लोपोऽभ्यासस्य The reduplicate is elided under the circumstances mentioned in the foregoing sūtras सनि मीमाघुरभलभशकपतपदामच इस् (7.4.54) to मुचोऽकर्मकस्य गुणो वा (7.4.57). adhikāra
  59. 7.4.59 ह्रस्वः अभ्यास is converted to ह्रस्व.
  60. 7.4.60 हलादिः शेषः Only the first हल् letter from अभ्यास is retained, rest all हल् letters are removed.
  61. 7.4.61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः For an अभ्यास, all खय् letters that follows शर् letters are retained, all other हल् letters are removed.
  62. 7.4.62 कुहोश्चुः The कवर्गीय letter and the हकार of an अभ्यास are converted to an appropriate चवर्गीय letter.
  63. 7.4.63 न कवतेर्यङि The Palatal is not substituted for the Guttural of the reduplicate of कु (कवते) in the intensive.
  64. 7.4.64 कृषेश्छन्दसि The Palatal is not substituted for the Guttural of the reduplicate of कृष् 'to draw' in the छन्दस् (Vedas) when in the Intensive.
  65. 7.4.65 दाधर्तिदर्धर्तिदर्धर्षिबोभूतुतेतिक्तेऽलर्ष्यापनीफणत्संसनिष्यदत्करिक्रत्कनिक्रदद्भरिभ्रद्दविध्वतोदविद्युतत्तरित्रतःसरीसृपतंवरीवृजन्मर्मृज्यागनीगन्तीति च In the छन्दस् (Vedas) are found the following eighteen irregularly reduplicated forms - 1. दाधर्ति 2. दर्धर्ति 3. दर्धर्षि 4. बोभूतु 5. तेतिक्ते 6. अलर्षि 7. आपनीफणत् 8. संसनिष्यदत् 9. करिक्रत् 10. कनिक्रदत् 11.भरिभ्रत् 12. द्दविध्वतः 13. दविद्युतत् 14. तरित्रतः 15. सरीसृपतम् 16. वरीवृजत् 17. मर्मृज्य and 18. आगनीगन्ति.
  66. 7.4.66 उरत् A ऋ letter present in an अभ्यास is converted to अकार.
  67. 7.4.67 द्युतिस्वाप्योः सम्प्रसारणम् There is vocalisation of the half-vowel of the reduplicate of द्युत् and स्वापि (Causative of स्वप्).
  68. 7.4.68 व्यथो लिटि There is vocalisation of the half-vowel of the reduplicate of व्यथ् in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  69. 7.4.69 दीर्घ इणः किति A long vowel is substituted in the reduplicate of the root इ (एति) before a personal ending of the लिट् (Perfect Tense), which has an indicatory क्.
  70. 7.4.70 अत आदेः A long vowel is substituted in the लिट् (Perfect Tense) for the initial अ of the reduplicate.
  71. 7.4.71 तस्मान्नुड् द्विहलः After such a lengthened आ of the reduplicate there is added the augment नुट् (न्) to the short अ of the root which ends in a double consonant.
  72. 7.4.72 अश्नोतेश्च After the lengthened आ of the reduplicate of अश् (अश्नोति) comes the augment नुट् (न्) before the short अ in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  73. 7.4.73 भवतेरः When followed by लिट्-लकार, the अभ्यास of the verb root भू is converted to अकार.
  74. 7.4.74 ससूवेति निगमे In the छन्दस् (Vedas) ससूव is irregularly formed in the लिट् (Perfect Tense).
  75. 7.4.75 निजां त्रयाणां गुणः श्लौ गुण is substituted for the vowel of the reduplicate in the Reduplicated Present form (श्लु) of निज् , विज् and विष्.
  76. 7.4.76 भृञामित् In the Reduplicated Present form (श्लु) of the three roots 1. भृ 2. मा (माङ्) and 3. हा (ओहाङ्), इ is substituted for the vowel of the reduplicate.
  77. 7.4.77 अर्तिपिपर्त्योश्च इ is substituted for the vowel of the reduplicate of ऋ and पृ in the reduplicated Present form.
  78. 7.4.78 बहुलं छन्दसि इ is diversely substituted in the छन्दस् (Vedas) for the vowel of the reduplicate, in the Reduplicated Present-form.
  79. 7.4.79 सन्यतः इ is substituted for the final short अ of the reduplicate in the Desiderative.
  80. 7.4.80 ओः पुयण्ज्यपरे इ is substituted for the final उ or ऊ of a reduplicate before a labial, a semi-vowel and before ज् when अ or आ follows these consonants, in the Desiderative.
  81. 7.4.81 स्रवतिशृणोतिद्रवतिप्रवतिप्लवतिच्यवतीनां वा इ is optionally substituted for the final उ of a reduplicate of 1. स्रु 2. श्रु 3. द्रु 4. प्रु 5. प्लु and 6. च्यु when the semi-vowel is followed by a अ or आ in the Desiderative.
  82. 7.4.82 गुणो यङ्लुकोः गुण is substituted for the final of इ and उ (with their long) of a reduplicate when the Intensive character यङ् follows and also when it is elided.
  83. 7.4.83 दीर्घोऽकितः A long vowel is substituted for the अ of the reduplicate in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्) when the reduplicate receives no augment having an indicatory क् .
  84. 7.4.84 नीग्वञ्चुस्रंसुध्वंसुभ्रंसुकसपतपदस्कन्दाम् The augment नीक् is added to the reduplicate of the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्) in the following - 1. वञ्च् 2. संस्र 3. ध्वंस् 3. भ्रंश् 4. कस् 5. पत् 6. पद् and 7. स्कन्द्.
  85. 7.4.85 नुगतोऽनुनासिकान्तस्य The augment नुक् (न्) is added after the short अ of a reduplicate in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्) when the root ends in a nasal.
  86. 7.4.86 जपजभदहदशभञ्जपशां च The augment नुक् (न्) comes after the reduplicates of 1. जप 2. जभ 3. दह 4. दश 5. भञ्ज and 6. पश in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्).
  87. 7.4.87 चरफलोश्च The augment नुक् (न्) comes after the reduplicates of चर् and फल् in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्).
  88. 7.4.88 उत् परस्यातः For the subsequent अ (i.e. for the अ of the root and not of the reduplicate), there is substituted उ in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्).
  89. 7.4.89 ति च उ is substituted for the vowel of चर् and फल् before an affix beginning with त्.
  90. 7.4.90 रीगृदुपधस्य च The reduplicate of a root which has ऋ at the penultimate position, gets the augment री in the Intensive (with expressed or elided यङ्).
  91. 7.4.91 रुग्रिकौ च लुकि The augments come after the reduplicate of a root which has ऋ at the penultimate position, only when the यङ् of the Intensive is elided.
  92. 7.4.92 ऋतश्च The reduplicate of a root which ends in short ऋ gets, in the Intensive without यङ् the above augments (1. रीक् 2. रुक् and 3. रिक्), 1. रि 2. र् and 3. रि.
  93. 7.4.93 सन्वल्लघुनि चङ्परेऽनग्लोपे In the reduplicated Aorist of the Causative, the reduplicate adapts itself to that of the Desiderative when the vowel of the root is light and the root has not lost its end-vowel before the Causative affix. atideśa
  94. 7.4.94 दीर्घो लघोः In the reduplicative syllable, a prosodially short vowel is lengthened in the reduplicated Aorist of the Causative when the vowel of the root is light and the root has not lost its end-vowel before the Causative णि.
  95. 7.4.95 अत् स्मृदॄत्वरप्रथम्रदस्तॄस्पशाम् Short अ is substituted for the vowel of the reduplicate in the reduplicated Aorist of the Causative of the roots 1. स्मृ 2. दॄ 3. त्वर 4. प्रथ 5. म्रद 6. स्तॄ and 7. स्पश्.
  96. 7.4.96 विभाषा वेष्टिचेष्ट्योः Short अ is optionally substituted for the vowel of the reduplicate in the reduplicated Aorist of the Causative of वेष्ट् and चेष्ट्.
  97. 7.4.97 ई च गणः In the reduplicated Aorist of the Causative, ई is substituted optionally for the vowel of the reduplicate in गण्.

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