3.2.187
ञीतः क्तः
Operational rule vidhi
The verbal roots marked with an indicatory ञि , take the affix क्त , in denoting the present time.
Word by word (padaccheda)
Left context ञीतः pañcamī · ekavacanaSubstitute / term त ः prathamā · ekavacana
- Left context Pañcamī (5th case): "after X", the operation applies to what follows (1.1.67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य). Also used for limits and sources.
- Substitute / term Prathamā (1st case): in operational rules, the substitute or the thing introduced; in definitions, the term or its referent.
Dotted words are technical terms. Hover or tap one to see its card.
Pink letters are it-markers (anubandhas), tags dropped by 1.3.9. Hover or tap one for the rule that marks it, or try the it-letter finder.
Full reading
ञीतः क्तः
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
The verbal roots marked with an indicatory ञि , take the affix क्त , in denoting the present time.
The Nishtha affix क्त, as a general rule, is a past participial affix and denotes past time; and is so ordained by rule (III 2.102). The present sutra thus makes an exception in case of those verbs which are marked with an indicatory ञि in the Dhatupatha; as ञिमिदा 'to be affectionately inclined'; मिन्नः (मिद् + क्त = मिङ् + त = मिन् + न 8.2.42 'being affectionately inclined'. So ञिक्षिवदा — क्ष्विणः 'sounding inarticulately'; ञिधृषा — धृष्टः 'bold'. The anuvritti of वर्तमाने 'in the sense of the present', is read into this sutra from 3.2.123.
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.