8.3.25
मो राजि समः क्वौ
Operational rule vidhi
When the verb सम् + राज् gets the क्विप् pratyay, the म् of सम् is converted to म् itself.
Word by word (padaccheda)
Substitute / term मः prathamā · ekavacanaRight context राजि saptamī · ekavacanaTarget समः ṣaṣṭhī · ekavacanaRight context क्वौ saptamī · ekavacana
- Substitute / term Prathamā (1st case): in operational rules, the substitute or the thing introduced; in definitions, the term or its referent.
- Right context Saptamī (7th case): "when X follows", the operation applies to what precedes (1.1.66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य). Also a condition or domain ("in the sense of").
- Target Ṣaṣṭhī (6th case): names what gets replaced, "in place of X" (1.1.49 षष्ठी स्थानेयोगा).
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Full reading
मः राजि समः क्वौ
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
समः → मः / राजि क्वौ
Replace samaḥ with maḥ when rāji kvau follows. Inherited words (anuvṛtti) may add further conditions.
Commentary
म् is substituted for म् of स्म् before the word राज् ending with the affix क्विप्।
Thus सम्राट्, साम्राज्यम् ॥ The substitution of म for म is for the sake of preventing the anusvara change (cf 7.1.40). Why do we say 'before राज्'? See संयत् 6.4.40 Vartika). Why do we say 'of सम्'? Observe किं राट् 5.4.70. Why do we say 'ending with क्विप्'? Observe संराजिता, संराजितुम्, संराजितव्यम् ॥
The क्विप् is added by 3.2.61, the ज् is changed to ष् by 8.2.36, which is changed to ट् at the end of a word, in संम्राट् ॥ साम्राज्यम् is formed by ष्यञ् affix, as it belongs to Brahmanadi class.
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.