8.3.38
सोऽपदादौ
Operational rule vidhi
A पदान्त विसर्ग is converted to a सकार when it is followed by the प्रत्ययाः पाश्य, कल्प, क, काम्य.
Word by word (padaccheda)
Substitute / term सः prathamā · ekavacanaRight context अपदादौ saptamī · ekavacana
- Substitute / term Prathamā (1st case): in operational rules, the substitute or the thing introduced; in definitions, the term or its referent.
- Right context Saptamī (7th case): "when X follows", the operation applies to what precedes (1.1.66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य). Also a condition or domain ("in the sense of").
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Full reading
सः अपदादौ
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
स् is the substitute of a विसर्ग before an affix beginning with a hard guttural or labial.
The word अपदादौ means "when the guttural and labial are not at the beginning of a word," in other words, when they stand at the beginning of an affix. This is possible only before the affixes पाश, कल्प, क, and काम्य ॥ Thus पयस्पाशम् 5.3.47; पयस्कल्पम्, यशस्कल्पम्, 5.3.67, पयस्कं, यशस्कम्, 5.3.70; पयस्काम्यति, यशस्काम्यति 3.1.9.
Why do we say 'when not at the beginning of a word'? Observe पयᳶ कामयते, पयᳶ पिबति ॥
Vart:- Prohibition must be stated, when the visarga belongs to an Indeclinable: as, प्रातः कल्पम्, पुनः कल्पम् ॥
Vart:- The visarga which comes from रु is only changed to स before काम्य, and not any other visarga. As पयस्काम्यात, and यशस्काम्यति; but not here, गीः काम्यति धूः काम्यति ॥
Vart:- स is the substitute of the Upadhmaniya when followed by a guttural. The root उᳶज् (आजवे Tudadi 20) has Upadhmaniya as its penultimate: though it is written in the Dhatupatha as उव्ज the व् only represents the प् of ᳶप, and is not to be pronounced. This ᳶप is changed to स, when the final ज् is changed to a guttural, as उ स ग, and then this स् is changed to द्, as in अभ्युद्गः, समुद्गः ॥
These words, however, may be derived from the root गम with the Prepositions अभि, उत्, and सम् उत्, by adding the affix उ ॥
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.