4.2.1
तेन रक्तं रागात्
Operational rule vidhi
To express the meaning of 'colored by', an appropriate प्रत्यय gets added to the तृतीयासमर्थ word representing the name of the color.
Word by word (padaccheda)
With / by तेन tṛtīyā · ekavacanaSubstitute / term रक्तम् prathamā · ekavacanaLeft context रागात् pañcamī · ekavacana
- With / by Tṛtīyā (3rd case): accompaniment or means.
- Substitute / term Prathamā (1st case): in operational rules, the substitute or the thing introduced; in definitions, the term or its referent.
- Left context Pañcamī (5th case): "after X", the operation applies to what follows (1.1.67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य). Also used for limits and sources.
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Full reading
तेन रक्तम् रागात्
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
The affix अण् already ordained -- प्राग्दीव्यतोऽण् 4.1.83, comes after the name of a colour in the sense of 'coloured thereby'.
The verb रञ्ज् means to change white into another color. That by which a thing is coloured is called रागः 'color'. तेन 'by which', i.e. after a word in the instrumental case in construction, being the name of a particular colour. Thus कषायेण रक्तं वस्त्रं = काषायम् 'a cloth coloured of a dull red'. So also मांजिष्ठम्, कौसुम्भम् ॥
Why do we say रागात् "after the name of a color"? Observe देवदत्तेन रक्तं वस्त्रम्, here the affix अण् will not come after the word 'Devadattena', for though it is in construction in the instrumental case, yet it is not the name of a colour.
In the sentence "काषायौ गर्दभस्य कर्णौ, हारिद्रौ कुक्कटस्यादौ" the words काषाय and हारिद्र are used metaphorically.
From this sutra up to 4.2.12 inclusive, the affixes are to be added to the word which is in the instrumental case in construction in a sentence 4.1.82: as in the last chapter, the affixes were added to a word in the genitive case.
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.