5.4.11
किमेत्तिङव्ययघादाम्वद्रव्यप्रकर्षे
Operational rule vidhi
To the affixes तर and तम (घ -- तरप्तमपौ घः (1.1.22)) ordained to come after the word किम् -- अतिशायने तमबिष्ठनौ (5.3.55), or after a word ending in ए -- घकालतनेषु कालनाम्नः (6.3.17), or after a finite verb -- तिङश्च (5.3.56), द्विवचनविभज्योपपदे तरबीयसुनौ (5.3.57), or after an indeclinable, is added the affix आम् , but not if the excess belongs to a substance (and not to an action or quality)
Word by word (padaccheda)
Left context किम्- एत्- - - pañcamī · ekavacanaWord आमु Right context अद्रव्यप्रकर्षे saptamī · ekavacana
- Left context Pañcamī (5th case): "after X", the operation applies to what follows (1.1.67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य). Also used for limits and sources.
- Word Case not marked in the source data.
- Right context Saptamī (7th case): "when X follows", the operation applies to what precedes (1.1.66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य). Also a condition or domain ("in the sense of").
Dotted words are technical terms, dashed ones pratyāhāras (names for classes of sounds or affixes). Hover or tap one to see its card.
Full reading
किम्-
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
To the affixes तर and तम (घ -- तरप्तमपौ घः 1.1.22) ordained to come after the word किम् -- अतिशायने तमबिष्ठनौ 5.3.55, or after a word ending in ए -- घकालतनेषु कालनाम्नः 6.3.17, or after a finite verb -- तिङश्च 5.3.56, द्विवचनविभज्योपपदे तरबीयसुनौ 5.3.57, or after an indeclinable, is added the affix आम् , but not if the excess belongs to a substance (and not to an action or quality)
The घ or तरप् and तमप् affixes are employed for comparison (प्रकर्ष 'excess') of adjectives and adverbs This rule applies to adverbs and not to adjectives : i. e. when an adverb qualifies a verb or another adjective, but not when an adjective qualifies a noun. The द्रव्य denoting word by itself has no 'excess' &c, it is the adjective which qualises such substance that is capable of excess or comparison. The prohibition in अद्रव्यप्रकर्ष therefore really relates to the quality of a substance; i. e. to adjectives. द्रव्यस्याव्यपदेश्यस्य न विना भेद हेतुना । प्रकर्षोविद्यते नापि शब्दस्योपेति वाच्यताम् ॥
Thus किंतराम् or किन्तमाम् "how excessively", पूर्वाह्णेतराम् or पूर्वाह्णेतमाम्, पचतितराम् or पचतितमाम् "he cooks surprisingly", उच्चैस्तराम्, उच्चैस्तमाम् "more or most loftily or loudly".
But when the excess belongs not to an action or attribute, but to a substance, the amu आम् is not added. As उच्चैस्तमः तरुः "a most lofty tree".
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.