4.1.31
रात्रेश्चाजसौ
Operational rule vidhi
The affix ङीप् comes after the word रात्रि in the छन्दस् (Vedas) and in denoting a Name except the affix जस् (1st - Nominative Case Plural) is added.
Word by word (padaccheda)
Left context रात्रेः pañcamī · ekavacanaIndeclinable च avyayaRight context अ- जसौ saptamī · ekavacana
- Left context Pañcamī (5th case): "after X", the operation applies to what follows (1.1.67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य). Also used for limits and sources.
- Indeclinable An avyaya such as च "and", वा "optionally", न "not".
- Right context Saptamī (7th case): "when X follows", the operation applies to what precedes (1.1.66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य). Also a condition or domain ("in the sense of").
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Full reading
रात्रेः च अ- जसौ
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
Commentary
The affix ङीप् comes after the word रात्रि in the छन्दस् (Vedas) and in denoting a Name except the affix जस् (1st - Nominative Case Plural) is added.
Thus या रात्री सृष्टा, रात्रीभिः (3rd pl); (Rigveda X. 127. I.I.35.1) but in the nominative plural we have रात्रयः, the regular plural of the word रात्रि, as in the sentence यास्ता रात्रयः, instead of रात्र्यः ॥
Vart:- According to Katyayana, nip is not added, not only when we apply the nominative plural termination जस्; but in all other terminations beginning with जस् also. Thus रात्रिं सहोषित्वा; here in the accusative singular case also the ङीप् is not employed.
But how do you explain the form रात्र्यः in the following तिमिरपटलैरवगुण्ठिताश्च रात्र्यः; This 'ratrya' is the nominative plural of 'ratri' which is formed by the feminine affix nip; and not by nish. The forms evolved by adding ङीष् or ङीप् are one and the same, except with regard to accent; that formed by nish has udatta accent on the final: the other has it on the initial. The word रात्रि is formed by the krit affix त्रिप् (Un. IV. 67), and therefore, it is a word which is governed by 4.1.45 because it is a word falling in Bahuvadi class, by virtue of the general subrule "a word ending with the vowel इ of a krit affix, other than क्तिन् belongs to Bahuvadi class; some say that every word ending in इ, if it has not the force of the affix क्तिन् belongs to this class". Therefore it takes ङीष् in forming the feminine.
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.