6.1.77
इको यणचि
Operational rule vidhi
An इक् letter which is followed by a स्वर is converted to a corresponding यण् letter in the context of संहिता.
Word by word (padaccheda)
Target ṣaṣṭhī · ekavacanaSubstitute / term prathamā · ekavacanaRight context saptamī · ekavacana
- Target Ṣaṣṭhī (6th case): names what gets replaced, "in place of X" (1.1.49 षष्ठी स्थानेयोगा).
- Substitute / term Prathamā (1st case): in operational rules, the substitute or the thing introduced; in definitions, the term or its referent.
- Right context Saptamī (7th case): "when X follows", the operation applies to what precedes (1.1.66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य). Also a condition or domain ("in the sense of").
Dotted words are technical terms, dashed ones pratyāhāras (names for classes of sounds or affixes). Hover or tap one to see its card.
| इक्in place of | यण्substitute | |
|---|---|---|
| इ | → | य् |
| उ | → | व् |
| ऋ | → | र् |
| ऌ | → | ल् |
vidyut confirms the first three rows (नद्यौ, वध्वौ, पित्रा); its sample words give no case of ऌ → ल्, which follows from the order alone.
Why it is a table
- 1.3.10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम् Two lists of equal length pair up in order (यथासङ्ख्यम्), so the four इक् vowels take the four यण् semivowels in order.
- 1.1.50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः The nearest substitute gives the same pairs: each vowel and its semivowel share a place of articulation.
- 1.1.69 अणुदित् सवर्णस्य चाप्रत्ययः इ also stands for ई, उ for ऊ, ऋ for ॠ, so नदी + औ → नद्यौ.
Full reading
Pāṇini leaves out words that carry over from earlier sūtras. Expand to see the rule as a reader actually understands it.
→ /
Replace ikaḥ with yaṇ when aci follows. Inherited words (anuvṛtti) may add further conditions.
Commentary
The semi-vowels य् व् र् ल् are the substitutes of the corresponding vowels इ उ ऋ and ऌ (long and short), when followed by a vowel.
This sutra is rather too wide. It must be restricted by 6.1.101, namely the following vowel must not be of the same class as the preceding for the application of this rule. Thus दधि + अत्र = दध्यत्र, मधु + अत्र = मध्वत्र, कर्तृ + अर्थम् = कर्त्रर्थम्, हर्तृ + अर्थम् = हर्त्रर्थम्, लृ आकृति = लाकृतिः ॥
Vart:- This semivowel substitution of vowels takes place, when preceded by a prolated vowel, even to the supersession of 6.1.1 requiring lengthening. Thus अग्ना ३ इ इन्द्रं = अग्ना ३ यिन्द्रम्, पटा ३ उ उदकम् = पटा ३ वुदकम् , अग्ना ३ इ आशा = अग्ना ३ याशा, पटा ३ उ आशा = पटा ३ वाशा ॥ भो ३ इ इन्द्रम् = भो ३ विन्द्रम् ॥ The phrase 'when a vowel follows' exerts its influence upto 6.1.108.
Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (1897), via ashtadhyayi.com.